The Geranium

Date: 15/02/10 Title: The Geranium Text type: Short story Author: Patricia Grace This short story, ‘The Geranium', by Patricia Grace and published 1993, is a perfect example of Battered woman syndrome and the mental effects it has on a person in this case Marney. In the geranium, the main character, Marney is a stay at home mother. She cleans intensely all day and seems rather dull. She does not leave the house even when one of the girls tells her to â€Å"come for a stretch. † You know she is hesitant and you can feel that there is something stopping her from leaving. There seems to be a routine of non-stop cleaning, because when her friends, Sandra and Joe, come over this doesn't stop her from making sure things are clean, she even sets down paper to stop the floor getting dirty again. Her life is so boring that the highlight of her week is the arrival of the â€Å"paper that came on a Wednesday. † The paper is a widow to the outside world that she is no longer able to access. Although the paper shows her all kinds of things she could do and clubs she could enter, she can’t because of a mental block built up by the continuous abuse from Bob. The conflict becomes more clear with the return of Bob her husband. When Bob comes home he immediately starts demands what she has been doing all day. He asks questions about whether she’s been digging and cleaning and who’s been over. He is so controlling that he has to know ever little detail to make sure he does not â€Å"find out different. † When he finds out about â€Å"The Geranium† he tells her to â€Å"chuck that thing out. † This is a clear demonstration of his control, because Marney throws it away without question even though earlier we see that she really wanted it. These demonstrations of Bob’s dominance show us the reason for Marney’s resistance to leave for the shops earlier and why she finds the housework so important. The conflict is resolved when Marney throws out the Geranium at Bob’s command. This part of the story is significant because it is Marney’s chance to stand up for something she wants. We see earlier in the story that the Geranium is something that she has wanted; it is something to bring some colour into her dull, boring, grey life. A bit of change to brighten her days. But she is damaged from her abuse, and shows she has no freewill. Immediately faltering under Bob’s orders she â€Å"put it into [a] scrap bucket† as if it was of little matter to her. The â€Å"sink emptying† is her life being drained away. She watches as her life is taken away from here, because she was unable to speak up. She has let her chance slip away and has been doomed to the same dull days. I think the ideas that Patricia Grace is trying to get across is that; domestic violence isn’t all physical, that it can happen very much behind the scenes and the ways in which it can affect people. Although we get hints that Marney is physically abused such as; when Grace mentions that Marney â€Å"would put on her cardigan to hide her arm,† and when Bob grips her arm until it hurts, we never actually get any evidence of serious physical abuse. When the Sandra and Joe come over they dress Bob up as an amazing guy compared to their drunkard partners. Bob always has the groceries, and doesn’t come home drunk all the time. But behind the scenes he is very different from the picture the girls have made. He is threatening towards Marney and extremely controlling. He has scared into such an intense routine that she is no longer able to change that routine and is stuck to doing whatever he wants her to. This shows us that domestic violence can occur without the knowledge of the people that surrounding. Grace has showed us the way abuse can affect someone through the way Marney is. She has been so controlled by Bob that she can no longer even think for herself. She has ‘Battered Woman Syndrome’ and is completely under his control that she can not even reach out for help. These effects of her abuse show us how badly the aftermath of abuse affect someone just as bad as the abuse itself. The thing that I didn’t enjoy about this story is the style of writing. It is written in a boring way to emphasis the way Marney’s life is, and although it serves the purpose it left me feeling uninterested. What I did like the storyline. The way in which the conflict developed. I liked the way it starts off with what seems like Marney going about a normal day and then it turns into a day that that brings forth all her abuse and problems. Mainly starting with the arrival of her friends. These developments give us a great insight into a day in the life of Marney. And it is not a pretty picture.

The HR Professional Map

In 2009 the CIPD conducted a report on what human resource practitioner's did, their roles, and activities. They interviewed practitioner's from a large number of professions across different sectors and the result was the production of the HR professional map, that does not focus on job titles, but instead focused on the skills and behaviours. It is simple, flexible and can be used as a whole or in part. Starting with and including the two core professional areas, it consists of ten professional areas, eight behaviours and four competency bands.â€Å"It describes what you need to know and what you need to do, within each professional area at four bands of professional competence†. There are eight behaviours that need to be displayed by HR professionals; these are, collaborative, driven to deliver, courage to challenge, role model, curious, decisive thinker, skilled influencer and personally credible. These behaviours are displayed in each of the professional areas. There are four bands of competence that define the contribution of professionals at each stage of their career, it details the relationship with client, service to client ,focus of activity and where time is spent.It also details measures of success and contribution and the relative skill balance between behaviours and technical ability. The two core professional areas that relate to all HR professionals, at all career levels and job roles, these are; Insight, strategy and solutions. There are five activity areas, building a picture, developing actionable insight, delivering situational HR solutions that stick and building capacity and capability that detail tasks that you are required to perform in each capability band. There are also four areas of knowledge.Business, contextual and organisational knowledge and HR professional knowledge. Leading HR, service delivery and information. There are six activity areas, along with tasks performed at each band level, theses are Personal leadership,Le ading others, Leading Issues:HR function design and service delivery,HR resource planning and development, delivering value and performance in HR teams and managing HR budgets and finances. The knowledge areas for this core professional area are Leadership, HR service delivery models, Commissioning services and Resource, Performance and Financial management.Employee relations is one of the remaining eight professional areas, an Employee relations professional is required to display knowledge of a strong understanding of employment law, or can access relevant,current and planned changes to laws relevant to the organisation. There is also a requirement to identify and act to mitigate risk to the organisation, have the knowledge of employee relations risks, and is able to coach managers to resolve issues, they will also know how to analyse, collate and feedback on communications and messages heard.Activities completed by an Employee relations practitioner are grouped under the headings , Employee relations strategy, policy and practice. Policy, advice and guidance. Complex casework. Collective negotiation and consultation and Health and well being. When an Employee relations Practitioner is displaying competences in band two they will be reactive in most activities, issue lead dealing with current or near term issues. Behaviours that I consider to be displayed by an Employee relations Practitioner are being a decisive thinker, driven to deliver, courage to challenge, personally credible and a role model.The activities I consider to be relevant to an ER advisor in the organisation I worked in are to develop comprehensive guidance to managers on ER issues, give accurate and appropriate advice , training and support managers. Work closely with managers, instructing them on their role and required actions, keeping appropriate records and represent the organisation at external tribunals. The skill balance between technical ability and behaviours displayed should be 50: 50 and a measure of success would be for issues/ problems satisfactory resolved and repeat business.

Difference Between Group and Team Diversity and Dynamics

The Difference between Group and Team Paper Difference between Group and Team Diversity and Dynamics Team The composition is planned and is set. People are recruited, groomed and trained or specific jobs that match their interest. People are recruited, groomed and trained or specific jobs that match their interests and the needs of the team. Each job has a specific set of skills. People with those skills or the ability to acquire them are recruited for the job. Teams have rookies and understudies who learn from those who are accomplished. They are preparing for the day they will lead. When people do not perform well, the team suffers. The team has ways of assisting the person or has systems for building their person's skills or moving him or her to another position. The planning by teams is called practice, run-throughs, or rehearsals. No matter how talented any individual team member, everyone plans. Teams have rituals, routines, and ceremonies that everyone learns and shares. Teams regularly review performance. Teams often prepare for the next piece of work based on the evaluation of the last piece of work. Teams know at most times how they are doing – if they are winning, scoring, or moving toward their stated goals. Teams often establish â€Å"Halls of Fame† retiring an honored jersey. Those who have performed well are held in high esteem. Members of teams are easily recognizable. There are usually colors, logos, T-shirts, and most important, common slang, songs, language, and history to link them to each other and the team. Time is important to teams. Most events have specific starting and ending times. Teams are often judged by what they can accomplish within a certain time frame (Klein, 2009, p. 77-80). Teams understand how important it is to consider the fans, the audience, everyone affected by the game. Teams know and respect the game's many stakeholders. Teams build team spirit into their plans and make sure to affirm and celebrate the work they accomplish together (Klein, 2009). Group The composition of the group changes from meeting to meeting – often without forethought. Members of groups are encouraged to take on jobs, positions, or tasks even if they are unprepared or not skilled in that area – and everyone knows it! People move in and out of jobs based on their inability to say no when asked. Little or no training or support is given by the group to individuals accepting jobs. . Leadership is often one-person deep, with the group highly dependent on a handful of people. When people either do not perform well or fail to perform at all, the group rarely acknowledges the failure. Groups often resist planning and use planning as corrective rather than proactive or preventive strategies. Planning is mostly done by a few people. Groups rarely create routine operations. Groups usually do not celebrate or debrief victories or defeats. Groups rarely assess their progress in achieving their stated goals or objectives in order to chart and measure their work. Groups rarely assess their progress in achieving their stated goals or objectives in order to chart and measure their work. Members of groups are often hard to identify. There’s rarely anything linking them to the group. Groups are often inconsistent in what time things start and end – especially meetings. Groups sometimes operate without thinking about their constituency (Klein, 2009, p. 77-80). Groups sometimes fail to develop a sense of team spirit. They assume everyone understands and works together. (Klein, 2009). Diversity and Dynamics Conclusion Reference Johnson, Heiman, & O'Neal. (2000). ProQuest. Journal of workplace learning, Vol_. (12),Iss_4, Laroche, Lionel. (2009). ProQuest. CMA Management. Vol. (75). Iss. 2; p. 22-26.

Manufacturing Industry Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Manufacturing Industry Evaluation - Essay Example As a result, the larger firms keep acquiring other small firms as they continue dominating in the markets, effectively reducing competition in this industry (Lynn, 2002). The Envelope industry is such other industry of the US that has low competition. The larger firms control most of the US markets for this industry. Oligopoly refers to a market condition, where the market has many buyers and very few sellers. In an oligopolistic market, just a few firms, mostly the larger ones, dominate the market (Elmer, 1999). Since there are few sellers in such a market, every firm operating in that market has the chances of knowing the moves and the trends that the other firms are making in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. Consequently, the firms operating in an oligopolistic market conditions are most likely going to make their decisions based on those decisions made by other firms. Thus, in an oligopolistic market, the decision made by one firm affects the other firms and vice versa (Case, Fair, and Oster, 2009). The characteristic oligopoly market involves the firms producing and selling their products at the quantities and prices they feel are suitable to grant them the profit margin they require. Thus, oligopolies set the market prices for their products, other than selling their products at the existing market prices (Elmer, 1999). In the US, the Envelopes and the Fluid Milk industries qualify as oligopolies. The Fluid milk industry in the US is an example of an oligopolistic market condition, where the market in the industry is dominated by few firms. The dairy cooperative of the country called the Dairy Farmers of America have effectively established close alliances with the other players in the industry, notably the Dairy Market services, which has on its side collaborated with the US major milk manufacturers (Lynn, 2002). This

Project Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Project Managment - Assignment Example The management board of Dell Corporation would like to design and develop personal computers that will appeal to twenty-five to forty-five year old business executives. However, before the actual process of design and development commences, it became extremely important to contract MarketWorld Ltd to do a market research to determine the features of the new computers that will appeal to the business executives. In addition, the research is to identify the type and number of business executives who are likely to purchase the classic computers as well as the price they are willing to pay. This information will be vey important because it will dictate the number of computers to be produced in future, thus help Dell Corporation decide whether to produce new brand of classic computers or not. The main features of the project include; research will be confirmatory and exploratory; qualitative and quantitative; sample size will be three thousand five hundred business executives; it will use desktop research, focus groups, interviews and email to collect both primary and secondary data. First, seventy percent (70%) of market research will be exploratory while the remaining thirty percent (30%) will be confirmatory. This is because Dell Corporation is seeking better ideas that will yield highly enduring and marketable personal computers. Secondly, sixty percent (60%) of the market research will be qualitative in nature while the remaining forty percent (40%) will be quantitative. Thirdly, data will be collected through use of focus groups, ethnographic observation, e-mail, telephone and personal interviews. Fourth, research will sample three thousand five hundred business executives in the United Kingdom. Fifth, eighty percent (80%) of the data collected will be from primary sources while the remaining twenty percent (20%) will be from secondary sources. To measure the performance and progress of the market research project, costs, performance as

Self Efficacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self Efficacy - Research Paper Example Before I was incarcerated, I had just finished college and I felt I had my whole life ahead of me, I was supremely confident and proud of my considerable academic achievements. I considered myself an objective person and was always focused on bettering my skills abilities as well as social life, despite the fact that I had several offers from leading companies, I was in view of setting out on my own with my friends to start a company. While I was aware of the fact that being employed was a safer bet, I was determined to start life on my own terms, the challenges of being entrepreneurs seemed like something I could handle and overcome. When faced with challenges, people with law self-efficacy often back down and give up (Bandura, 1993) I was the exact opposite, challenges spurred me into more action and strengthened my resolve. As I said, the world was at my feet, I was determined I would make my first million before my college mates who had gone onto formal employment had paid off th eir collage loans. My two partners shared my optimism, but they often thought me too ambitious, however, within the within two years, they came to appreciate my confidence and I rubbed of them. We designed, created, and sold software and thanks intellectual effort, combined talent as well as several calculated risks, we were had several solid contracts and money was coming in regularly if not comfortably. In a way I believe my high sense of self-worth; propelled by my success slowly turning into arrogance and a feeling of invincibility, what more, I could not bear to loose and would often bend and even break the law. In my quest to land us a contract, I had found out that the main competitor was an old rival from college, working for a competing firm, and decided that I would get it by all means. I started by befriending one of the managers in the firm where we had applied for the contract. I even subtly suggested in one of our private meetings that if my firm got the contract, I wo uld make it worth his while; this was the mistake that brought down my career. Initially he was reluctant and even appeared offended, I thought I might have gone too far but when he agreed to a second meeting, I threw caution to the wind, in my mind, my charm and convincing attitude had won him over. The truth is he had reported my conduct and had received instructions to lead me on, but I was too blind to see this, he talked about how he was having money problems and mentioned he was in the committee dealing with our contract. I took the bait and mentioned a figure, and he agreed, three days later as I handed him the money in a brown envelop in the same restaurant we met on the first day, and I was arrested. Admittedly this was not the first time I had done such a thing, but what I did not know is that the authorities had been investigating me and when the manager reported me, they came in for the kill. Efficacy works both ways; one is not only confident on their abilities and capa city for success indeed while research has often pointed to self-efficacy being related to convectional purists and positive development even criminal traits benefit from the same. I pleaded guilty, and cut a deal with the prosecution to, so my partners would not be involved since they were very ignorant of my activities, my efficacy was still intact, as I blamed no one but myself. However, in prison I had time to think and reflect on my actions and motivation, I realized my arrogance and ambition had been

CIPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CIPD - Essay Example Leading HR The remaining eight professional areas in which the HR professional provides specialist support to the organizations are: Resource and aptitude Planning: This area represents delivering efficient manpower service to the organization through effective aptitude planning. Learning and development: This area of professional HRM services provides learning and development programs for enhancement of knowledge and skills of the employees. Performance and incentives: This area provides evaluation and implementation of performance based incentive program in the organization to motivate the employees. Employee commitment: This service delivers effective evaluation of the extent of commitment of each and every employee to the organization. Worker Relations: This service conducts effective both way communication systems in the organization aims to develop good employee relation in the organization. ... It is a broad area that involves evaluation monitory and non monitory motivations required, conflict resolutions, effective organization culture and ethical hr code of conducts. The eight behavioral traits spread across the Band 1 to Band 4 that need to be exhibited by the HR professionals in order to contribute to organizational success are given as follows. Personal credibility: It is one of the most important traits of individual employees and for that reason it needs be appreciated by the organization through effective reward systems. Collaboration: This trait helps to improve group work and collaborative work output. Curious: Curiosity is one of the important traits of employees for enhancement of skills and knowledge. Courage to challenge: This trait helps an employee to take new tasks easily and comfortably. Skilled influencer: This trait is most essential for team lead, project coordinator or a manager to motivate his or her own team members and get the work done easily. Role Model: This trait is most important in any organization using it as inspirational tool for all employees. Band 2: knowledge and activities in Employee engagement The professional area of employee engagement in Band 2 has been considered to be the most essential in the role of an HR professional. The HR professional is also required to provide solutions in order to maintain a productive work environment and sustainable business. The workplace consists of a diversified group of workers with difference in education, background, culture and most importantly future ambitions. The engagement with the employees would provide the knowledge on the existing gaps in the system and the actionable that is required to maintain a healthy work environment. The HR professional should have

Can socialism be achieved within a capitalist society Essay

Can socialism be achieved within a capitalist society - Essay Example The forces of demand, supply and availability of goods determine prices. As a result, there exists a huge gap between individuals in possession of capital and the ones without. Under capitalism, the government has little control over labour forces (Wu, 2002, p. 56; Yunker, 2009, p. 56). Although socialism idea was noble, its enforcement in a modern capitalist society can prove to be retrogressive rather that progressive (Hancke?, Martin, and Mark, 2007, p. 34). The introduction of socialist elements would prove inefficient and wasteful in a capitalist economy. This owes to the difficulties that arise in the organization of production by socialists. Moreover, socialists remain vague on the manner in which the system should be effectively integrated without harming the more stable capitalist form of governance. Gross misconceptions and indolence of the masses about the intentions of socialism also threaten its practicality (Hancke? et al., 2007, p. 58). In effect, this would challenge the scientific thought of rational conduct over life, which promotes rational economic calculations. Socialism would fail to address scarcity, an economic problem, if introduced in a capitalist society. Scarcity stems from the unlimited wants versus limited resources to meet them. Capitalism solves this problem through the theory of value, which asserts that an individual can only chose a good whose value is appeasing. Preference therefore sets the platform for monetary valuations and prices. Socialists do not value pricing or the determination of prices by economic agents. Without prices, valuations of goods and services would not adequately support satisfaction of wants through expending acquired incomes from specialized division of labour (Watson, and Hassett, 2008, p. 121). Socialism, through its limitation of the absence of fluctuating prices and free markets, would undermine proper use of resources in a capitalist society. It is nearly impossible to imagine a successful societ y that prevents free expression of preferences through a pool of prices. Random and frequent valuations of a resource through the forces of supply and demand are the only sure way of determining whether it is being used effectively to meet human wants. It would be impossible for socialist ideas like these to thrive in a highly competitive capitalist society where only the strong survive (Yunker, 2009, p. 112). While competitiveness in a capitalist society drives civilization, socialist ideas would lead to slow growth. This is because decision making and planning become centralized with bureaucracy standing in the way of development and growth. There is also the aspect of collective effort rather than personal challenge that leaves the society exposed to inefficiency and laxity. There is no place for laxity in a capitalist society as everyone is encouraged to work hard to attain personal development, which often reflects in the overall performance of the economy. Socialists cannot gu arantee adequate service to consumers while maximizing profits compared to capitalists. This efficiency arises from the promotion of private ownership of factors of production, which socialists oppose (Lawler III, 2009, p. 6). Freedom by private owners like proprietors and entrepreneurs to acquire and dispose property sets them on the path to determining true prices that reflect market forces of demand and supply. Through such freedom to calculate and

Demand and Factors that Determine the Demand for Rail Transport Assignment

Demand and Factors that Determine the Demand for Rail Transport Between London and Preston - Assignment Example According to the law of demand, with other factors held constant, generally, the demand decreases/increases with the increase/decrease in price of the good. This relationship between demand and price is plotted on a graph as a â€Å"demand curve† as shown in Figure 1. What factors determine the demand for rail transport between London and Preston? The demand for rail transport between London and Preston depends on the following factors: 1. Price of rail travel between London and Preston: The most important factor that determines demand of this transport is the price of rail ticket to travel between London and Preston. Travelers would compare this price of ticket to cost of using alternative transport. This is important not only for people travelling once in a while but also for frequent travelers. If there exists considerably reduced fare possibility for frequent travelers, the demand could be expected to be higher from these frequent travelers would have lower cost of travel. 2. Time taken by rail travel between London and Preston: Time taken to travel by train is another important factor. If the time taken by train is considerably longer than other means of transport, the demand may be lower for rail travel. 3. Quality of rail service between Lo ndon and Preston: The quality of service could also be an important factor. It includes not only the quality and comfort of travel by train but also other factors like the frequency of trains, on-time arrival, and the time of departure/arrival of trains. Frequency of trains is important so that if consumer(s) change their itinerary suddenly, if there are alternative trains frequently running, they would not be forced to shift to another means of transport. Next, if the trains are frequently running late, consumers may not find the rail travel very efficient. Also, if the departure and arrival times of trains are not convenient, consumers would not find rail travel very attractive. For example if trains arrive only late at night or if the trains run during the entire length of the day, consumers may be put off. 4. Attractiveness of alternative modes of travel between London and Preston: There could be several other ways consumers to travel between London and Preston. If these service s are more attractive, then demand for rail travel would be low. The attractiveness of these alternatives also depends on the relative price of these modes, relative comfort, and other factors. Some of these are discussed below for the three other possible modes of transport a. By car: Several factors could influence the attractiveness of going by car instead. These factors include: fuel price (cost of taking the car), relative length of time taken to drive compared to rail travel, and quality of highways (comfort of ride). b. By air: Factors influencing the relative attractiveness of air travel are: price of air travel, relative total time taken to get from â€Å"door to door†, and of quality air transport services. However, there is another important factor here which is the distance of nearest airport from Preston. c. By bus: Factors influencing the relative attractiveness of bus travel are: price of bus tickets, time taken by buses, and the quality of bus services. 5. Day of the week and seasonal effects: The day of the week could be an important factor. For example, if business travel is frequent on this route, then weekends may see a much lower demand. Also, Seasonal effects are likely to significantly influence demand. For example, during Christmas the demand may be

Compensation and other benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compensation and other benefits - Essay Example There are different types of accounting treatment and enclosures for employee compensation and benefits. These include short term, post-employment, long term, and termination benefits. Post-employment employee benefits are into single-employer and multiemployer plans respectively. This paper seeks to explore the different compensation types and how their respective account treatment and disclosures operate. Examples of short-term benefits include compensated absences, profit sharing, and bonuses. These are payable within twelve months following the end of employee’s service rendering period. Others are non-monetary and include housing, medical, cars, and subsidized goods and services. Accounting for these benefits is straightforward since actuarial assumptions are not for measuring the cost or obligation. Besides, any actuarial gain or losses are often not possible. Additionally, short-term benefits requirements are measured through undiscounted means. Some standards may require disclosures regarding employee benefits especially for key personnel managers (THE EU SINGLE MARKET, 2009). Post- employment benefits entail a given entity identified to offer benefits plans. The standard is then applied to all agreements regardless of whether or not they entail establishing a different entity to collect contributions then pay benefits. Examples of post-employment benefits are pensions and other benefits including medical care and life insurance. These benefits can be either through defined plans, based on the scheme’s economic perspective obtained from its critical terms or through defined plan of contribution. A pension scheme maintained by one employer is known as single-employer plan while that supported by different employers is referred to as multiemployer plan. The defined type of contribution plan is accounted for in a direct manner because for every period, the obligation of the reporting entity depends on the amounts likely to be

Environment- Topics in Asian Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environment- Topics in Asian Studies - Essay Example The discussion of the articles will provide a picture of how Asia has emerged as a strong player on the international market, as well as its role in the mitigation of pollution in each country. Outlook on Asian Environmental Status: An Anthropological View The current global trend is leaning towards the reduction of greenhouse gases and the alleviation of global warming. Several countries have already invested millions of dollars to develop technologies that will address these issues, mostly first world countries that have highly advanced industries, such as the US, Japan, and some European countries. However, several developing countries and third-world countries are still at risk of experiencing the adverse effects of pollution; either from land, air, water pollution, or from all of those. To further understand the environmental status of Asian countries, an in-depth look at each country will be discussed, as well as the legislations and government efforts that take place in these countries. One of the many Asian countries that experiences great environmental risks is South Korea. According to Kim Jung-Wk (2004), the stature of the country during the 1960s was focused on a proactive approach of improving the economy by increasing the density of industries, which undermines its traditional strict ethics of preserving the environment. South Korea was once a country that had high regard for nature. In the past generations, environmental crimes were mostly avoided by people due to the severe punishments that went along with it. Locals were keen on reducing wastes and pollution, certain practices were strictly observed on every possible aspect to minimize the use of natural resources, especially wood. Common practices include the design of houses and its strategic positioning making use of exhaust gas from cooking furnaces to provide heat for rooms, utilizing vegetable gardens and animals to recycle waste foods, and using ash and animal wastes as soil compost. In addition, government efforts in protecting the environment were strong during the time, considering the management of the mountains and forests as their number one priority (Jung-Wk, 2004). The Japanese invasion has resulted in turmoil in South Korea being the main reason for the destruction of the environment and destabilizing the strong environmental ethics of this once nature-loving nation. In 1910, reports indicate that a huge portion of the forest have already been reduced due to massive logging (Jung-Wk, 2004). Large shipments of timber were sent to Japan on a regular basis in order to fuel Japan’s war pursuits. Deforestation worsened during the period of the Pacific War which led to the inability of the soil to control flood and drought. This, in turn, resulted in the construction of several large-scale dams all over the country. The effects of deforestation also damaged the river systems and coastal areas. Large deposits of soil in the rivers made it shallow and coast s have been filled with clay deposits, this allowed land reclamation possible that even magnified the negative environment effects. In addition, the abrupt change in cultivated crops from mixed-culture and crop rotation to rice as well as the excessive addition of fertilizers and pesticides caused the fast degradation of the

War News Censorship Essay Example for Free

War News Censorship Essay Censorship is a general term used to describe the manner at which control of information and its circulation is being employed within a society. Censorship is often administrated with the goal to implicate political suppression and to deliberately impose moral values on others. It can be implemented through government and private pressures, although government sponsored censorship is rendered unconstitutional (â€Å"What is Censorship† 1 ). In the global context, censorship is employed is various ways and behind different rationales. The earliest argument used to rationalized censorship is with respect to religious context, it inculcates values for conscience and moral entities that can make censorship acceptable to the public. Another, issues on national security and defense is also used to justify the censorship. â€Å"Censorship through intimidation† and â€Å"censorship though consensus† are also possible to be employed (â€Å"What is Censorship† 2) On the context of war news media, censorship is used as a tool for propaganda. In every war, there are two battles fought; one is in the battlefield, and the other is through the minds of the people made possible in the propaganda and news releases that are being circulated. The labeling used between the â€Å"good guys† and the â€Å"bad guys† are done in such a way that the media and the government can influence the minds of their readers and the majority of the people to support their cause, or to develop a sense of legitimacy on why they are really ought to be involved in a war. Misleading the people is possible through (1) only covering selected stories; (2) giving out only partial facts; (3) reinforcing reasons and motivations; (4) narrow sources of â€Å"experts† and other resource persons; (5) demonizing their opponents; and (6) narrow range of discourse (Shah, 2005). Moreover, war news media is being censored to restrict and to minimize occurrences for leakage of war photos which are deemed to be violent. Thus, this aspect of censorship is deemed to have implications on the moral values of the people. In a way, censorship is also employed to eliminate the possibility that people will become violent if continuously, they are exposed to violent images and occurrences behind the war (â€Å"What is Censorship† 1 ). Vietnam Era   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vietnam War was the first war that was given full access and full freedom to the journalists. During this era, the journalists were given the freedom to report the war as they have seen it, and they were able to publish images in order to enable to let the public view the war in the most accurate possible way. The earlier war occurrences were beneficial to the American community. The events before the Tet Offensive were proven to have gathered support for the American offensive. However, the spark of the American Embassy in Saigon, as it been publicly watched by the American people, signaled the defeat of the American troops and consequently they have become doubtful to the then present President Johnson’s credibility. Consequently though, this event has led the American support for the war to decrease and falter (Media’s Role in the Vietnam Era) These turn of events, the complete media access and the full freedom to journalistic reporting has proven to be detrimental to the flight of American troops. The outcome of the media coverage and the humiliating coverage of the American defeat in the war have caused the morale of the US soldiers to surge down; and in turn, have boosted the morale of the Vietnamese soldiers which was during this time, were perceived to be the enemy. Further, the media coverage has implicated that the war was more like a â€Å"Communist victory† rather than just plainly the failure of the Tet Offensive. Thus, the war’s ultimate failure to repress the growing Communist idealism in Vietnam was blamed on television and media – that the public has turned against their support against Vietnam War was due to the media’s accurate depiction of the horrors that were inculcated in the war (Humphreys). Contemporary War: Iraq War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The war in Iraq is currently viewed as media’s â€Å"crisis coverage†. This contemporary war occurrence has also proved the innate strong influence of media, as they still have contributed a delicate role in the anti-Iraq hysteria. The media has published sinister images of the Iraqi leaders that connoted the meaning that they are indeed enemies (Smith, 2001). More so, the media’s mainstream performance has caused the Iraq War to become a disaster. The subjective allegations of the Bush administration that were further accepted , published and proliferated by the media have served as direct blows that further hastened the development of the war. And though there were critical journalists who raised questions despite the growing support for the Iraq war, still the damage of unfair reporting and biased presentation of information has caused the war to further burn (Iraq and the Media).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, aside from the military conflicts and aggression, the Iraq War is more likely a â€Å"war of ideas†, in which the US government has instigated first. The obvious fact is that, the US has anchored their attack solely on the basis of allegations which up to now haven’t been proven to be accurate. And despite the oppositions to the war due to insufficient proofs of Iraq’s direct US threat, the US government has still pushed to the war (Regan 2006). And now, they are under the pressure of winning this â€Å"war of ideas† in order to keep US support from the majority of the world community, which is attainable through strategic dispensing of information and tactical censorship of ideas that are flowing in the global community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the current war in Iraq has once again instituted the means for media censorship. In contrast to the Vietnam War wherein full coverage was given to access the entire war discourse, the current aggression in Iraq has proven to be rather selective and biased on which issues are to be leaked outside for the media to circulate. Moreover, the media along with the military have also covered up the truth behind the occurrences of war – they have been leaking false tallies of war casualties and other records that are relevant to assess the true status of the war. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   War news censorship indeed plays an integral role in any war occurrences. In Vietnam, less censorship has led to the tumbling down of war support from the US community, due to the adversaries that were shown by the media as they were entitled for full coverage of the war. On the other hand, the war on Iraq which is currently under minimal media coverage, in addition to the highly censored and filtered nature of news standards, the US government is able to gather the support from the global community. Further, war news censorship has also greatly influenced the morale of the people who are directly and indirectly involved in the war. Positive or negative feedbacks gathered from media coverage relatively affects the feelings, attachments and morale of the people involved. Works Cited Humphreys, Donald. War on Television. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. 4 December 2007 http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/W/htmlW/warontelevi/warontelevi.htm Iraq and the Media. 19 March 2007. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting. 4 December 2007 http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3062 Media’s Role in the Vietnam Era. Trinity College, Department of History. 4 December 2007 http://www.trincoll.edu/classes/hist300/media.htm Regan, Tom. Experts: US Must Win â€Å"War of Ideas†. 16 June 2006. CSMONITOR.COM. 4 December 2007 http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0616/dailyUpdate.html Shah, Anup. War, Propaganda and Media. 31 March 2005. Global Issues. 4 December 2007 http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/Media/Military.asp Smith, Sharon. â€Å"Targeting Iraq: US Hypocrisy and Media Lies.† International Socialist Review. November-December 2001. What is Censorship?(1) American Civil Liberties Union. 4   December 2007. http://www.aclu.org/freespeech/censorship/26611res20060830.html What is Censorship?(2) 4 December 2007 http://www.gilc.org/speech/osistudy/censorship/

An environment analysis for Apple Inc

An environment analysis for Apple Inc Apple consists of significant resources and considerable potential in the business world. Even though it consists of such capabilities there occur various trends in the general environment that causes the threats which pull down the progress and success of the firm. These threats can be marginalised only with the help of appropriate planning and suitable action which concentrates more on the value added core competencies in the business. This may lead the company to produce valuable products and services leads to a mounting opportunity for the shareholders and customers. Economic Environment Booming Global Economy On revising the past years of global economy the world has attained the complete progress from recession in recent years. This uncertainty makes people looming of the money. This makes people to depart from the quality to less expensive products. The Apple known for its brand, quality, Innovative technology and luxury has mislaid due to its supreme pricing position paves the way for its competitors the producers of less expensive products. However the consumers attracted more towards the valuable Apples premium products during the economic upturn than its low pricing competitors. Chinese Economy: Recent growth in Chinese economy catches the attention of several companies to sell their products in china. Due to the growth of the Increasing economy proportionally there is also increase in the labour wages. This may results the buying power which makes people to draw more attention towards the Innovative products such as Apple i phone and i pad. Political Environment Potential world-wide climate regulation One among the serious threat to the potential environment is the global warming. Several steps have been implemented in reducing the global warming. The Copenhagen conference has been suggested norms to the companies for the low co2 emission products which may lead to strictly controlled environment. Thus in order to manufacture the less emission the Apple must transmits its products. Suppliers of the apple should have the provision to produce the low emission products or it has to switch to the other suppliers. This may lead to higher switching costs between the suppliers and bring changes to the margin of the products when the manufacturing costs getting higher. Import taxes and duties China poses superior government policies and low manufacturing costs in order to attract the more investors. These factors made Apple to manufacture its products in the various parts of the China. Even though Apple manufacturing lies in china the good market is positioned only in the countries like United States and the parts of Europe even though it has to offer more import duties. According to the current tax report produced by the Apple it pays around 32% of rate of tax in the year 2010. Socio cultural Environment Increasing desire for Wireless devices Apple plays at the front position of the wireless transition. As there is a remarkable increase in the value of the Internet and the wireless connectivity creates a powerful demand comparatively to the other devices. This is due to its portability and accessibility everywhere makes these rapid speed wireless technologies valuable. The devices such as the portable includes the Smart phones and the tablet computers wireless-connected devices allows its user to perform several operation by the use of internet in the constant and secured manner as wherever they go. As these devices is highly received by the people than the traditional computers such as PC or laptops. This technology has been developed widespread by Apple and its competitive manufacturers such as Google. This technology has been faced al lot of relevance as all these manufacturers focussed on the consumers preference. Among them the Apple differs by its Innovative technology according to the recent technological landscape . Apple spends its extensive investment in the field of research and innovative development for the creation of highly well-liked devices such as the iPhone and i-Pad. . Technological Environment The world has been going behind the analogue music system Apple made a revolution through its innovation of iPod. This made a impulsive progress in the revenue of the Apple. Due its consecutive pioneering researches resulted in the creation of iPhone. Even though the Apple is younger in the mobile phone industry comparing the Giants like Nokia, HTC and Blackberry it poses a radical technology. To withstands its market Apple has been spend 3.1 % of its net sales i.e. almost $ 1,333 million for the Research and Development (apple). The worlds ongoing mobile technology is landed in 3G manufacturing technology. But Apple is been ahead of them by launching its 4G due to the supremacy of the Apples RD. This makes the Apple withstand as a leader in its high innovation and portability. Competitive Environment Analysis Rivalry between Competitors Technological growth has put forth the electronic industry ahead as it leads to lot of manufacturers. Due the entry of electronic industry in everyday life the PCs, mobile phones and laptops has become a commodity product into the peoples life. Most users prefer the business cost than that of the performance of the devices. This may resulted in the various levels of provider strategies. The providers who provides at low price may not be able to satisfy the users with the best features. Whereas the providers such as Hp, Dell, Samsung and Sony Ericson offers the customers a wide range of options for the varying prices. Apple differs from those of the Providers as they provide a High Quality and High Cost products but without the diverse models. For example Apple consists of Single model iPhone varying only in its memory and its cost whereas the Samsung may vary its product options from the variable technology by varying its costs from 4Â £-400Â £. Supplier Power Suppliers are those who pose the entire control in manufacturing of computers as Apples Mac book or the mobile phones. Apple Suppliers also embark on the special responsibility for producing the best inputs which is the most challenging for its competitors. In the computer manufacturing industry Intel and Advanced Micro devices (AMD) are the two suppliers of the processors. Both of the chips have their own unified motherboard. They are incompatible with one another as they cannot be swapped with the other parts of the device. If Apple has to switch their processor it is also essential to modify their motherboards too resulting in high switching costs. This may results in high supplier power as the company has to rely on them. Buyer Power Almost all the industry consists of buyers who have high influence on thier manufacturers. Each buyer has their own choice of the product needs. This leads the company to launch the wide variety of products into the market. Thus power of the buyers has influences on the bargaining in the Quality, Price, and the Service. Apple exclusive products such as IMac and IBook are unique from its competitors in features of higly technological operation system, innovative functionality and brand value attracts the customers by avoiding them to switch to its competitors. Even though it has attracted the customers through its functionality there arose a chance to switch to its competitors if there is no product differentiation. Threat of new entrants Every business has own threat of new entrants. The field of Computer market have the highest possibility of new entrants. The portable pcs market is widespread effortlessly paves the way for the new entrants. Despite the possibilities it also consists of several hindrances from its successful entrants. Apple have been deep rooted in field of computers and mobile products by its substantial recognition, own innovative technology and royalty among the other manufacturers. It has been a high challenging to the entrants in order to make its brand successful and stable in the competitive market. Apple maintains their price of the products based on the economies of scale which is not possible by the new entrants without the huge investment. Even though it has the high possibilities of hindrances to entry it consists of some successful possibilities of entry which can be listed as follows. 1. There is a chance of suppliers to enter the field of manufacturing 2. A well established giants of some other field of computer can also deep routed in this field as they have a well established familiarisation in the market. Threat of substitutes Recent Development of the technology makes the computing products handy. As every features and functionality of the computers has been substitute by the tablet pcs or smart phones. Time has changed where the users rely on the stable pc but now it has been grown substantially the computers are back behind the users and posses wide variety of application than pcs by means of wireless internet technology. This occurs in the case of Apple as due to the entry of the Smart phones the buyers of Mac pc are apparently reduced. Thus these show the change for substitutes of the consumers. Considerably Apple has been analysed all these cases and introduced the iPhone and iPad to satisfy its consumers who are in search of substitutes to a new technology. Value added core competencies Value added core competencies of Apple includes its highly Innovative ideas, featured design, well known brand, and critical creativity as all these united to make the company a most competitive advantage among its competitors. Thus Apple has almost set all these strategies to the company in order to withstand its high position in the competitive market. Risks of the apple have been initiated with its supplier and foreign factories. Apple has its own guidelines for its suppliers in manufacturing its product they dont have the direct control of their suppliers. The suppliers derived their profits based on the high volume low margin. Thus in order to increase the profit the suppliers produces the goods by low quality raw materials. As a result of this the quality of the Apple products has been diminished. Thus in order to rectify these defects Apple have been undergone the mutual understanding of its suppliers to retain its quality Administration Eco- Friendly Apple Apple has always been intense on the environment factors in its manufacturing. Apple has been taken several steps to avoid the usage of harmful chemicals in manufacturing of its product. Shipment of the products plays a vital role in emitting combustion during its transportation. Thus in order to reduce the emission of Co2 Apple considers the portable packaging result in the less transportation and less combustion. Strong cash position Apple has less long term debits and run its business efficiently without the financial intervention by means of its own cash. The financial status of Apple helps its business to run efficiently as it may not depend on any of the creditors in terms of the decision making such as the financial capital purchases, decision on expansion. Human resource management Hiring process Apple recruits its employee by means of Selective hiring. It highly picks up the persons based on their innovative skills and high creative skills rather than by recruiting process. It focuses more on the well experienced professionals and innovative freshers rather by trainees. Employ benefits and appraisals Apple places a leading role in motivating its employees by means of high benefits and appraisals. It possesses a high role in the employee satisfaction. The benefitted employees provide full support and dedication to the company by means of their highly innovative ideas. Technological Development Research and Development Apple believes the research and development is one of the key factors of the success of its organisation. As it believes analysis on various factors determines the current requirement of the product have been pushed towards the new innovative product which paves a way for non competitive industry. It has been estimated that Apple spends around $1.3 million for its research and development. Procurement Relationship with suppliers Apple has maintained the good relationship with its suppliers. As it manufacturing its product based on the low cost and high quality. Despite it sets the high marginal cost for its product whereas in turn it spends its profit for the research and development. It also concurrently updates about its new technology to its suppliers by means of short courses and practical classes. Inbound Logistics Apple maintains a highly automated system for placing goods. The stock has been ordered to its suppliers in JIT process i.e. Just in Time when there is an reduction of the stocks it will be ordered automatically to its suppliers this may helps in avoiding the overstocks. Thus it hoard the cost spend for the stock management system. Operations Design of the product is been implemented by the Apple and hence it outsources its production to several factories in china by implementing its design. This may results in the reduction of risk factors as it is apart from its firm. Thus it modifies its management and Economy scale according to its outsourcing. Outbound Logistics Apple has its production department in china whereas the goods have been transferred to various countries from china rather than bringing to US the head office of the Apple. This may leads to the reduction of shipment cost and the warehousing cost. Marketing and Sales Apple uses the television advertisements as their marketing strategy by comparing its features and functionality of the product towards its competitive products. It also brings its own marketing strategy by means of the customer attraction towards the product. Apple discloses the new launch of the product which in turn acts as an indirect marketing which pulls the customers to know about its launched products. Service Apple genius is a person acts as a tech assistant in considering the consumers problem and rectify them. Apple provides a extended warranty to their customers within 90 days of product shipment also poses an opportunity of replacement within the given time. Limitations Recommendations Conclusions Value chain analysis Recommendation 1. licencing of MAC software to other PC makers 2. Increase entertainment diet so that the acceptance of the apple product more among the customers 3. increase retail presence in developing economies 4. increase customer service capabilities 1. even though apple spending ore rD nw it has design related antenna proble in iphone 4

Genetic Regulation of Apoptosis and Organ Development

Genetic Regulation of Apoptosis and Organ Development This report reviews about the genetic regulation of apoptosis and organ development. The specific genes have been determined which cause these functions inside an organism proves to us some vital sequential systems concerning cell differentiation which in turn leads to the proliferation of the species. This report mainly gives you a clear cut explanation about how cell death and organ development act together in a progressive manner in concern with the development of an organism. The genes determined have been attested to be very useful in the field of treatment of diseases time and time again. And the review also dissertates on how the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used efficiently to determine the regulative genes of development and apoptosis. Which sequentially leads us to some predetermined definite advantages of the practical findings in the field of medicine. There are an enormous number of cells in the human body and in all organisms. Including an exception for numerous other bacteria and other microorganisms lower down the complication order. The basis of all these cells are two processes namely mitosis and meiosis. To be more specific in humans the fertilized egg is the source of all types of cells. From the fertilized egg in the humans to the innate process of mitosis and meiosis in the smallest of organisms all undergo cell differentiation. This process in defined as bringing in the characteristic of a specific cell to it specific function. These cells basically develop into various types of cells from their first stage of interphase in mitosis. But to remember that the zygotic stage never determines the specific function of the cell. Not only the newly formed cells undergo differentiation but the adult cells or the adult stem cells to be more specific undergo differentiation to form specific tissues and then organs and later to form a whole organism. The adult stem cells after their process of differentiation transfer their characteristics to their daughter cells in such a way that the daughter cells also exhibit the same characteristics as their parental generation. The cell differentiate along these lines that the whole morphology of the cell like the cell size, cell structure, membrane potential and even its response to signals alter. On the contrary cell death also plays a major part in cell differentiation and organ development. For example the process of metamorphosis in butterfly from larvae to the completely metamophosized butterfly or from the tadpole to a frog. The deaths of many cells are involved in this process, but very specific cells. Apoptosis is the word given for a programmed process of cell death without which the development of organs or any higher organism is most unlikely to happen. All the processes mentioned above are the consequences of gene manipulation within the cell. These are cont rolled by specific genes within a cell giving out certain signals as and when needed for different processes. Determining the genes that are involved in these processes is called as genetic regulation. Genetic regulation or gene evaluation plays a vital role in the field of medicine. This article discusses about the use of Caenorhabditis elegans, a transparent nematode worm as a specimen for determining the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death or apoptosis. This specific species was short listed among many others as it had a very short time spanned cell cycle (Wood and William, 1988). Which consisted of only 959 adult cells in its generation cells making it very easy to analyse and determine the genetic regulation (Brenner, 1974). On the whole three scientists worked on determining the genetic regulation of apoptosis and organ development. Sir John Sulston was the first one among the three to initiate the experiment starting with developing all the techniques to study cell division in the nematode worm from its stage of a fertilized egg to a completely mature adult stage of the worm. (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977). Dr. H. Robert Howitz continued the work of Sir John Sulston by putting forward the question whether there was a genetic code for all death and development processes taking place in an organism. A specific genetic programmed that he suggested might be and determined the genetic regulations for the same processes in the worm (Jonathan and Robert, 1978). Dr.Sydney Brenner played his part by proving the work done by the previous scientists on determining the specific genes. He mutated those specific genes involved in the processes by using EMS or Ethyl Methane Sulphonate. This landed up on the result that, when these genes are mutated the organ development does not take place and consequentially lead to the death of the organism (Brenner, 1973) (Jonathan and Sydney Brenner, 1978). The work of all the three scientists helped in landing up in a theory and experimental proof of genetic regulation of apoptosis and organ development and also that there is a major connection between both the processes for the survival of the organism. The use of nematode worm was considered because it is difficult to determine the same in higher animals. The genes like Ced-3 and Ced-4 were primarily determined to be the genetic regulators of apoptosis and the proteins which codes for the initiation of these genes were used for degrading the DNA after apoptosis. Also making an understanding on how the dead cell is eliminated after the process of apoptosis. It was proposed that the same regulations also take place in higher organisms including humans as one of them with the help of homologous proteins like Apaf-1 in humans replacing CED-4 in C.elegans (Hua and William, 1997). The male and the hermaphrodite are differentiated by the morphology or by their internal organs. The male nematode is supposed to have 959 cells in its mature adult stage and makes it very easy to determine the genetic regulation. The picture above gives the lateral view of dissected C.elegans. The lateral dissected view clearly shows the simplicity of the organism and also on why the organism was narrowed down to study upon. (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977) This report mainly concentrates on the determination of genes involved in the process and how the two processes of development and death are linked in the complete life cycle of an organism. Determining the genetic regulation of the same plays a vital role in curing a hand full of dreadful diseases like Cancer, AIDS and Myocardial Infarction (Thompson, 1995). The unstoppable growth of cells inhibiting the process of apoptosis in the case of cancer (Morgan et al., 2006) and the death of cells inhibiting the process of development and initiating the process of apoptosis by activating all the available pathways (Explained in detailed in the proceeding pages) for the process of apoptosis in the case of AIDS (Perez et al., 2008). Determining the genes involved or genetic regulation has a major role in the treatment of these diseases. As genes and gene coding are the bases of every live organism in this universe. Genetic Regulation of Apoptosis and Organ Development: To just basically explain about genetic regulation before getting deep into the degree of the paper, genetic regulation is the process of turning on or turning of the genes that are needed and those of which are not needed respectively. The first ever gene regulation developments were on the lac and the trp operon model. Basically it is a system used for saving up the enzymes and using them whenever necessary and not wasting them by accumulating them by continuously producing them on the contrary. These are helped by the genes. And for better understanding s schematic is given below of the overall process of genetic regulation. Introduction to Apoptosis Apoptosis is derived from the Greek language meaning dropping off or falling off of parts. This I suppose does not give the appropriate meaning but the term was coined according to the preliminary discoveries of researchers regarding the same. The term was titled to fit the process as there were findings and literature that stated the dropping of all organelles (not literally) of the cell after the depletion of the cell wall in the continuum of processes of apoptosis. The term generally means programmed cell death, which is defined as the well timed suicide of the cells by gene regulation as and when needed by the organism. This is the exact process that takes place in all organisms from a single celled to a multicellular complex organism. Apoptosis regulates certain morphological features of the cell leading to its death in the coming cycles of apoptosis. The morphological changes include bleebing, loss of cell membrane, asymmetry of the cell, fragmentation of the DNA and many other structural and functional changes (Alberts et al., 2008). Atrophy is caused in the final stages of apoptosis which can lead to the complete destruction of the cells. The process was primarily considered to be incomplete as it was not known how the cells were dissolved after their death as the organelles after the cell death would cause to create an unwanted mass in the organism. But latter it was determined that the cells after the process of apoptosis ended up in creating apoptotic bodies which were engulfed by other cells using pseudo arms and then were dissolved using the proteins that code for the gene to regulate the process of apoptosis (Walker and Sikorska 1994). During the years of the primary experimentation this process was written along with the process of necrosis which was the premature death of cells due to external effects like toxins, hazardous chemicals or radiations. But further experimentation and trials proved that apoptosis was a self-inducing factor of cells for their suicide in order that the following processes of or gan development takes place without obstructions. When human trials are concerned it is to be noted that about 50 to 70 billion cells die each day in the same process, where at the same time daughter cells are generated. Cell death plays an important role in organ development and tissue homeostasis. The regulation of cell proliferation by Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) contributes to organ and tissue development and differentiation to a great extent. Depending upon the time and clinical impacts many genes change their expression during organ development. The success of organ development completely depends upon the interaction between the maintenance of cell survival and cell death. Cell death plays a significant role in promoting growth and tissue development of an organism. Generally when cell death occurs, the following points are to be taken into account, Development of normal tissues and cell death. Regulation of cell cycle and expression of genes. Determining the cell death pathway. The pathway acts as a molecular target for therapy (Prof. Dr. M. Nurhalim Shahib, 2001). When cells die, the contents of the cell are released in the surrounding and it causes inflammation or swelling which is termed as necrosis. When cells die during normal development or tissue homeostasis, they tend to condense and shrink and the dead cells are phagocytised by neighbouring cells before the contents of the cell get leaked in the surrounding. They do not induce any inflammatory response unlike the necrosis. This process is termed as Apoptosis or Programmed Cell Death (Kerr et al., 1972). Apoptotic Pathways Extracellular and intracellular pathways are the two terms that are concerned when there is a death of a cell taking place or a death of group of cells. Extracellular pathways are the subjecting of cells to toxin or hormones or growth factors which can in turn lead to the death of the cell. This not of much concern in our review as we are concentrating on the pathways of apoptosis. To get a brief knowledge about the death of the cells we should know that the death of the cells can take place by sensoring the signals from inside the cell or from the outside of the cell. Apoptosis mainly takes place by transducing signals from the inside of the cell. This process can be put into two main categories namely positive induction and negative induction. Induction means the inhibition of the reaction and hence positive induction refers to the undergoing apoptosis reaction. To give a brief about the extracellular and intracellular processes. The intracellular processes will be explained in detail below and the extracellular process is simply the transducing of signals in case of unstable environment or the sequential crossing of the plasma membrane. Intracellular signalling has many different pathways which follow a definite sequence of steps. These including some like the binding of receptors by glucorticoids in the presence of high calcium concentration. All processes in the cells are initiated by enzymes specific enzymes that code for specific genes to be activated for the following reaction to take place. Hence in the contrary these proteins or enzymes can also be used to inhibit the reaction by finding out the genes which code for the enzyme to be produced. The process of apoptosis is mainly targeted to the mitochondria of the cell which then ceases almost all the functions the cell. For explaining in detail the intracellular processes that are taking place we need some specific pathways for a deep understanding. Many pathways are proposed and on literature which we are going to discuss in brief in the following pages of my report. Mitochondrial Regulation of Apoptosis Briefly explaining about mitochondria, they are the power house of the cell and supplies energy for the complete survival of the cell without which the cell is not in existence. Obviously needless to say that without the functionality of the mitochondria the cell is just another non living organism without any appropriate use. This vivid function of the bacteria is used by the apoptotic pathways. There are two pathways by which the cells are forced to death by inhibiting the function of the mitochondria. They are the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. They both vary in the pathways but the end product is always the death of the cell. (Susin et al., 1999). The intrinsic pathway is basically the swelling up of the mitochondria by the formation of pores. This is formed by the binding of Cytochrome C to the apoptotic protease activating factor and then followed by the process of apoptosis. On the other hand the extrinsic pathway is the decrease of the membrane potential of the mitochondrial membrane by the action of nitric oxide and also the increase of the permeability causing a leak of enzymes inside the mitochondria. This causes the uncontrollable swelling of the cell and also causes blebbing. When the cells continue to swell it leads to the damage of the cellular membrane that eventually leads to cell death. These are reported to be caused by the SMACs which are stated to be secondary mitochondria derived activation of caspases. This can be proved to be the right opposite to the intrinsic pathway as this process deactivates the pathway that inhibits apoptosis by binding to the inhibition of apoptosis proteins or namely IAP rather than the intrinsic pathway that directly induces apoptosis. (Mayer and Oberbauer, 2003). When we get to compare both the processes we tend to end up in a result which states that the damage of the cell is indistinguishable between the two. 2.2.2 Caspase Independent Pathway Caspase in considered as the most important protein in the proper functioning of the apoptosis cycle. But it is proved that the apoptosis can also take place without the activity of the caspase protein. This takes place by a binding factor known as Apoptosis Inducing Factor (Cande et al., 2002) which only needs transduced signals rather than the caspase binding (Magali et al., 1999) 2.2.3 Signal Transduction Signal transduction is generally described as the process of transferring signals. The same as mentioned above this also involves both extracellular and intracellular signals. This process is also called as the shape shifting process as the morphology of the cell is completely changed after this process takes place. There are two different pathways TNF and Fas pathways namely. Figure 4: TNF and FAS Pathway within the cell. The diagram gives an easier explanation for the Fas pathway including the caspase binding reaction. It also shows many other proteins involved in programmed cell death. The TNF and the Fas pathways are two completely different pathways with the same functionality as to programmed cell death. They assist mainly in transferring signals not only from the inside the cells to the point of pathway commencement but also from the exterior of the cell to the important signal transducers inside the cell. (Philip, 2004). The TNF pathway or the Tumor Necrosis Factor pathway. The pathway is commenced by the binding of TNF R1 and TNF R2 which in turn leads to the initiation of caspase activating pathway which then eventually leads to the death of the cell. Both the pathways to be mentioned are results of binding. This pathway was also proved to be leading to one too many activations of transcription factors, the cause of numerous diseases (Chen and Goeddel, 2002). The Fas pathway also follows the same binding pathway as the TNF pathway. Only that the activation of transcription factors is unlikely to happen and the binding here takes place in caspase 8 and caspase 10. Binding of Fas and Fas L takes place along with the Death Inducing Signaling Factors or DISCs (Wajant H, 2002). 2.3 Extracellular Control of Apoptosis Programmed cell death or apoptosis have found to be activated or suppressed by extracellular signals from other cells apart from the apoptotic cells by controlling the mechanism. These extracellular signals are sent majorly to prevent programmed cell death. (Raff, 1992). There are a few examples to demonstrate how the signals activate or suppress apoptosis. Most of the vertebral cells tend to undergo apoptosis when cultured at a low density with the secretion of extracellular signals on their own. For Example- Blastomeres have the ability to survive and divide even in the absence of extracellular signals. The cells from tissues that are made of only single cell types have the ability to produce self-survival signals (Biggers et al., 1971). In some cells, a combination of several signals from different cells is required for their survival in a long term aspect. Example- The vertebral neurons during development compete for signals for their survival which are secreted by the target cells that they innervate. In this process only half of the neurons get enough signals to survive and the rest undergoes programmed cell death. Therefore, the normal death can be prevented by injecting exogenous Nerve Growth Factors (NGF) to the neurons. Similarly when the genes that code for NGFs are inactivated or by addition of anti-NGF antibodies, all the neurons undergo Apoptosis. Usually both inactivation and injection of NGFs are carried in a neuron to provide a balance between the number of neurons innervating the target cell and the unwanted neurons that target inappropriate cells (Levi, 1987). Some cells are triggered by programmed cell death inducing signals which suppresses the action of the signals that are responsible for the survival of the cell. Example- In amphibians like tadpoles, a systematic induction occurs at the metamorphosis stage where the cells in the tail undergo apoptosis due to the increase of thyroid hormone in the blood and this facilitates the resorption of the tail (Kerr et al., 1974). 2.4 Overall Process of Apoptosis- Morphological Concern The figure above gives us an easier understanding of the morphology of the cells in the course of Apoptosis. The diagram gives us a clear cut explanation about how normal cells receive signals and then followed by cell shrinkage and nuclear collapse leading to death and formation of apoptotic bodies to the complete lysis of the cell. (Philip, 2004). Observation Causes Cell shrinkage and rounding Breakdown of proteinaceous cytoskeleton by caspase. Density of Cytoplasm Signal transduction by TNF pathway or Mitochondrial regulation Tight packing of organelles Signal transduction by TNF pathway or Mitochondrial regulation Chromatin shrinkage against nuclear envelope- Phykonosis Condensation of Nucleus Karyorrhexis Degradation of DNA Breaking of Nucleus Blebbing (Mathew et al). Localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from plasma membrane Phagocytosis or engulfing of dead cells Usually present on the cytosolic surface but spread by scramblase Table 1: Tabulated format of the observations during Apoptosis of the cell and their primary causes. 2.5 Role of Inhibitory or Promoter genes in Apoptosis The cells after undergoing apoptosis in all tissues and animals appear similar and this cell death gets involved in many operations that are active and intracellular which can be promoted or inhibited by physiological or pathological stimuli. Regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans The genes responsible for apoptosis was first identified in a nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, related to cell death and its control (Horvitz et al., 1982; Ellis and Horvitz, 1986). Initial genetic studies in C.elegans led to the identification of a gene called Ced-3, a promoter gene responsible for programmed cell death to occur during the development of the worm (Ellis et al., 1991). The Ced-3 gene codes for an enzyme which is Cysteine Protease (Yuan et al., 1993). The gene cleaves the substrate after every active and specific aspartic acid sites and they get activated by cleaving at the aspartic acid sites. These are now referred to as Caspases (Alnemriet et al.,1996) The caspases mediate the apoptosis by cleaving at specific intracellular proteins that are of high selectivity and these proteins in turn activate the apoptosis process (Chinnaiyan and Dixit, 1996). Similarly there are many genes that inhibit the apoptosis process in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. One such gene is Ced-9, which belongs to the same family as the Ced-3 and this gene inhibits apoptosis in the nematode (Hengartner and Horvitz, 1994). If Ced-9 is activated by disruption or any mutation, the worm dies at a very early stage when compared to the usual growth. Therefore Ced-9 is necessary to prevent programmed cell death if the cell has to survive in the developing worm. (Hengartner et al., 1992) Regulation in Mammalian cells Similar to the nematode there are many genes that act as inhibitors or promoters of programmed cell death or apoptosis in mammalian cells also. They in turn contribute to organ and tissue development. Certain genes like Bcl- 2 and Bcl- XL act as inhibitors that inhibit programmed cell death. Genes like Bax and Bak act as promoter genes. They promote programmed cell or apoptosis. The average ratio of the inhibitors to the promoters determines the capacity of a mammalian cell to undergo apoptosis (Korsmeyer, 1995). Bcl- XL, in three dimensional structures is noted to function as a pore forming protein in the intercellular membrane where the genes are actually present. (Muchmore et al, 1996) When the Bcl- 2 and Bcl- XL is disrupted in a mammal like mice, the animal tends to die either as an embryo itself of in the post natal stage due to excessive programmed cell deaths in particular organs. When Bax is disrupted, normal programmed cell death or apoptosis process itself fails to occur (Deckwerth et al, 1996). Although proteins are required for the apoptosis process, inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis often inhibit apoptosis indicating that transcription and translation are required to activate the programmed cell death process. 2.6 Importance of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) In the mutant nematodes, where the apoptosis process is deficient, it is found to have a normal life span. But whereas apoptosis process deficient flies are found to die at an early stage. The vertebrates exhibit results similar to that of the flies. This difference is due to the inhibitory and the promoter genes in the different organisms and their relation to organ development and tissue homeostasis. 2.7 Consequences of Defective Pathways The consequences caused (diseases) are only caused by the defective apoptotic pathways. Where normal apoptosis does not take place. The only way by which the flow of apoptosis is disrupted is by deferring the signal. When the pathway is inhibited the growth of the cell continues and the cells live more that they are supposed to actually live and differentiation of these cells also transfer the fault to their progeny. Which most probably leads to cancer. The inhibitor or the suppressor as we call it here binds to caspase preferably 8, 9 or 10 here in this case and stops the cell death. AIDS: This specific viral protein deactivates the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and triggers the mitochondrial regulation pathway to progress the reaction at a higher pace. FAS mediated apoptosis is increased and the death rate also increases (Perez et al., 2008). Cancer: This disease is a causative of inhibition of apoptosis. Where the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein plays a vital role. When the cells do not die at the specified time a tumor is produced leading to cancer (Ott et al., 2006; John and Kerr, 2006). Having mentioned about the disadvantages of the defective apoptotic pathways, the advantages of apoptosis is none other than the development of organs by programmed suicide of the cells As I have mentioned before, there are uncountable processes that are taking place inside an organism every milli second. The process of apoptosis has its own significance amidst all the other. It can also be rightly named the mother of all processes as apoptosis is the cause of organ development and also the root cause of development of any organism. 3. Organ Development Organ development is also known as organogenesis. For our clear understanding we can explain it as the budding of organs from the growth cycle beginning from the form of a zygote. This routine is followed in all organisms which is just the consequence of death of cells in a programmable manner. The cells from the stage of division are never pre-determined the cells later are differentiated to form certain organs or organ systems. This programmed process of cell death coupled with organ development is the most important course of action in any organism as it determines the growth or death of the same. Then which can be followed by all the regular functions of the gene. To give a brief description about how organ development takes place, it is the proceedings of the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm to develop organs and organ systems. The embryo is at its weakest in this stage of development which may lead to anomalies or discretion. The soul reason behind this process on paper to progress in a timely manner is the proper differentiation of cells by gene coding. Which can literally imprint an impact on the cells to develop only to certain organs by coding them. Stem cells play the most vital part. Being the cells that can undergo easy differentiation combined with a superiorly faster rate of proliferation when compared to normally proliferating cells. Figure 9: Development of Endoderm, Mesoderm and Ectoderm into specified organs by genetic coding. The layers are distinctively separated and differentiated into specific organs and organ systems by genetic regulation. This differentiation is defined by the genes that regulate the development. Endoderm à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Forms the tissue within the lungs and pancreas (Anne and Douglas, 2000). Mesoderm à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Function of forming muscles and also the tissues of kidneys. Ectoderm à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Primordial function of formation of tissues with the epidermis and most important characteristic of formation of neurons. 3.1 Causes of improper organ development There are many conditions that can cause improper organ development. Some of them like Toxicity, high amounts of radiation in the form of zygote or even in the higher order in the development line can cause permanent shift from the frame of reference. Other prime movers for this plight are some like tobacco and alcohol and other brain stimulating drugs. These obstructions of organ development due to mutation can been experiment on Arabidopsis thaliana and proved to cause the same effect on humans (Stein et al., 2004). This is because human field trials on this has been stated illegal all around the globe. Irregular apoptotic pathways can also be mentioned as some the reasons for the cause of improper organ development. But the root cause of everythig always lies in its beginning that is the primary infection of exposure to hazrdous materials or drugs. This can interfere in the primary pathway, leading inturn to the defective pathway of apoptosis. The defective pathways in apoptosis c an be the major cause of the irregular or improper organ development. May be considered as one of the most important reason for improper organ development. One of the most important reasons for improper organ developent is the cause of genetic mutations. The genetic mutations are caused by the radiotions or hazardous toxins that I have mentioned before. But what leads to improper organ development is genetic modification or mutations in the gene. This can lead to permanent damage of the cell or the gene. This gene damaged, specifies to an organ. Finally the organ is completely damaged due to the mutation of the gene that tends to regulate that specific organ of the organism. Also considering the fact that the cells can also die due to mutations causing permanent damage in the organ development phase of the organism. 4 Applications 4.1 Clinical applications Many diseases like cancer, auto immune diseases, neuro-degenerative diseases do not either inhibit apoptosis or leads to inappropriate activation of apoptosis. They do not completely eliminate harmful cells which lead to loss of all the essential cells that prevent the oncoming of these diseases. Therefore, potential therapeutic strategies must be incorporated by including small molecules that either inhibit or activate certain target proteins that are responsible for apoptosis (Murphy et al., 2003).Generally there occurs a natural delay in the activation of Caspases after any injury and this delay allows enough time for treating the molecules that target Caspases. They are said to show therapeutic applications in preclinical studies (Reed, 2000; Nicholson, 2000). Bcl-2, another inhibitor gene of apoptosis, plays a vital role in the mitochondrial pathway and is regulated in many cancer cells. Introduction of an antisense Bcl-2 oligo molecule has shown promising results in preclinical trials in SCID mice and phase III clinical trials (Reed, 2000; Nicholson, 2000). There is something called, Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAPs) that are of potential therapeutic targets for treatment of diseases. Some cancers over expresses the IAPs that is associated with the genes responsible for the resistance of apoptosis. One such gene is called Survivin (an IAP) which is involved in cancer cells. By eliminating this Survivin, the cancer cells become more sensitive to drugs that initiate apoptosis (Nicholson, 2000). 4.2 Immunoblotting techniques Cytochrome C, an indicator of apoptosis is attached to the apoptotic cells along with the presence of genes responsible for apoptosis and immunoprecipitates were formed. By addition of anti-Cytochrome C or anti-Bc

Genital Herpes Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have infected 45 million Americans and will infect 1 million more Americans each year. Who am I?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herpes, from the ancient Greek meaning to creep or crawl, is the name of a family of viruses of which herpes simplex virus 1 and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are the most serious human pathogens. HSV-1 is normally associated with orofacial infections and encephalitis, whereas HSV-2 usually causes genital infections and can be transmitted from infected mothers to neonates. Both viruses establish latent infections in sensory neurons and, upon reactivation, cause lesions at or near point of entry into the body. While HSV-1 and HSV-2 are different viruses, under a microscope, HSV-1 and 2 are virtually identical, sharing approximately 50% of their DNA and are treated similarly. HSV-1 and HSV-2 contain a large double-stranded DNA molecule. HSV is gram negative, consists of 162 capsomers and replication takes place within the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. The HSV virion has four parts: an electrondense core containing viral DNA; an icosapentahedral capsid; a tegument-an amorphous layer of proteins that surround the capsid; and an envelope. HSV-1 and HSV-2 encode at least 84 different polypeptides. Each protein does many things, hence HSV genes can encode several hundred different functions. To initiate infection, HSV attaches to at least three different classes of cell-surface receptor and fuses its envelope with the plasma membrane. The capsid, minus its envelope, is transported to the nuclear pore, through which it releases viral DNA into the nucleus. HSV replicates by three rounds of transcription that yield: alpha (immediate early) proteins that mainly regulate viral replication; beta (early) proteins that synthesise and package DNA; and gamma (late) protei ns, most of which are virion proteins. Of the 84 known polypeptides, at least 47 are not needed for viral replication in cultured cells. These 47 genes are not completely dispensable. Some complement cellular genes that are not expressed in terminally differentiated cells; others alter cellular metabolism to ensure high virus yields. Mutant viruses lacking these genes cannot survive in nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The symptoms of genital herpes vary widely form person to person. Some people have severe symptoms (such as many painfu... ...Unlike the culture method, this test does not require growing the virus but rather seeks to identify herpes by the presence of antigens, fragments of the virus that are know to stimulate the immune response. Herpes cannot be cured. Once someone is infected with either virus, it cannot be cleared from the human body. Genital herpes is usually treated with antiviral drugs such as Acyclovir (Zovirax), Famciclovir (Famvir), and Valacyclovir (Valtrex) to help keep the virus in an inactive state and prevent most outbreaks but again does not cure a person from the virus. During an active herpes episode people should follow a few key steps to speed healing and avoid spreading the infection to other places on the body or to other people:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Keep the infected area clean and dry to prevent other infections from developing  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Try to avoid touching the sores  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wash you hands after contact with the sores  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoid sexual contact from the time the first symptom is felt until the sores are completely healed, that is, the scab has fallen off and new skin has formed where the sore was.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay -- essays research papers

Three primary problems â€Å"cage† Maya Angelou in her autobiographical book I Know why the Caged Bird Sings. The most pressing of these issues was probably the fact that Maya lived in the highly segregated south. Another factor of her imprisonment was because Maya, also known as Marguerite, was a social outcast, with very few friends other then relatives. Finally, the main character was entrapped because of her unusual sexual exposure. Over all, the highly segregated life she led, her exclusion socially, and her sexual experience caught Ms. Angelou. At the time, racism was predominate amongst southern citizens, this caused Maya’s displacement because she was a young black girl. Throughout the book Maya faces prejudice, and is constantly fighting this outrage, yet is not always winning. When Marguerite Johnson, nicknamed Ritie, was sixteen she became the first black streetcar operator in San Francisco, yet she had to fight incredibly hard to get her job. Even after she did her work schedule was impossible, and the free feeling she got from her job was turned against her at school, when she realized that her and her fellow classmates were, â€Å"on paths moving diametrically away from each other,† so even though Ritie had gotten the job she wanted, which she could have gotten easier had she been white, she was still an outcast. Furthermore, Marguerite, being Black, was denied certain necessities, such as not getting her toothache treated by the nearest dentist because he’d â€Å"rather sti... I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay -- essays research papers Three primary problems â€Å"cage† Maya Angelou in her autobiographical book I Know why the Caged Bird Sings. The most pressing of these issues was probably the fact that Maya lived in the highly segregated south. Another factor of her imprisonment was because Maya, also known as Marguerite, was a social outcast, with very few friends other then relatives. Finally, the main character was entrapped because of her unusual sexual exposure. Over all, the highly segregated life she led, her exclusion socially, and her sexual experience caught Ms. Angelou. At the time, racism was predominate amongst southern citizens, this caused Maya’s displacement because she was a young black girl. Throughout the book Maya faces prejudice, and is constantly fighting this outrage, yet is not always winning. When Marguerite Johnson, nicknamed Ritie, was sixteen she became the first black streetcar operator in San Francisco, yet she had to fight incredibly hard to get her job. Even after she did her work schedule was impossible, and the free feeling she got from her job was turned against her at school, when she realized that her and her fellow classmates were, â€Å"on paths moving diametrically away from each other,† so even though Ritie had gotten the job she wanted, which she could have gotten easier had she been white, she was still an outcast. Furthermore, Marguerite, being Black, was denied certain necessities, such as not getting her toothache treated by the nearest dentist because he’d â€Å"rather sti...

Boundaries of Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the K

Boundaries of Fate and Free Will in Oedipus the King    The ancient Greeks firmly believed that the universe was guided strictly by order and fate. In Oedipus the King, Sophocles has examined the relationship between free will and fate, suggesting that free will paradoxically exists inside the boundaries of fate. It may be concluded, however, that man has free will and is ultimately held responsible for his own actions.    Oedipus' destruction was brought about by a combination of fate and free will. He was a victim of fate for it was foretold at his birth that he would marry his mother and murder his father. This prophecy, as warned by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi was unconditional and inevitably would come to pass, no matter what he may have done to avoid it. His past actions were determined by fate, but what he did in Thebes, he did so of his own will.    Oedipus took many actions leading to his own downfall. Oedipus for one could have waited for the plague to end, but out of compassion for his suffering people, he had Creon go to Delphi. Another action that hastened his downfal... ...sunderstanding the Oedipus Rex." Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Michael J. O'Brien.   New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1968.   17-29.    Knox, Bernard M. W.   The Heroic Temper: Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy. Berkeley: U of California Press, 1964.    Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993.    Sophocles.   "Oedipus Rex."   An Introduction to Literature, 11th ed.Eds. Sylvan Barnet, et al.   New York: Longman, 1997.   

Tobacco use esay

The effects of smoking are harmful to one's body and can cause numerous health issues ND in some cases death-More than 5 million deaths a year is a huge amount of people that are being effected by tobacco use,and the number keeps growing. The county of Asia is especially affected by tobacco use and its harmful character traits. The global community must take steps to eliminate tobacco use. Smoking rates are very high in South Asian communities. South Asians often smoke cigarettes, bids or a hookah, or chew tobacco in pan or gotcha.There are many health risks for example, chewing pan makes you five times more likely to get oral cancer (Palo Alto medical foundation). People in Asia find it very hard to stop smoking, 700 Million men in Asia say they can not get through the day with out smoking a cigarette. Cigarette consumption in China soared between 1970 and 1 990 but has fallen slightly since. In Asia smoking among men is far more common than in the West. The worry, says Burke Fishbo ne of the World Health Organization (WHO), is that Asia will follow the Western trend, with more women taking up smoking as men quit.In Vietnam, for example, cigarettes are being peddled to urban women as a â€Å"sophisticated† pursuit. (Bangkok) Smoking was rotationally not considered lady like but the tobacco companies targeted all women from media , fashion and anything else they could think of that would get the attention of women. (Core Press) People are trying to stop smoking worldwide and are trying to start a war against smoking-Heath leaders are getting together tying to come up with ideas on how they can get smoking band or get it set to a certain age limit .Today there are 1. 1 billion smokers 80%,in the developing world. Starting today representatives from 191 nations are gathering together to insider the smoking treaty that could restrict tobacco marketing to young proportions in Asia and it is likely with the maturation Of this epidemic and increased risk of dea th from cancer and other smoking Disease. Asia marks it's productions and it has the best selling point, Most people that sell cigarettes to Asia don't care about there health, they just care about there rates being improved.Some countries such as; Brunet, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand want them to put warning labels on cigarette packs. Other countries such as; Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Manner, Philippines, and Vietnam require only text warnings. Turban designates wants to Increase tax to make tobacco products as unaffordable as possible he thinks that would be the best way for them to go. (David Tan) So many polices have been in Asia that both have high and low income.Countries are waking up to Tobacco related health diseases,researchers say public awareness of smoking risks coupled with aggressive tobacco marketing has left Asian nations with some of the most highest smoking rates in the world. At times when sustained anti-smoking campaigns have lowered rates in the U. S. And parts of Europe. N a country where 44 percent of the male population smokes a Health Minister named Moon Hung-Pay said the time had come to grapple seriously with the biggest threat to national health†Many Asian countries are in the early stages of the tobacco epidemic,† said by the POLO Medicine study. Hewitt) Dry. Alan Lopez the Pacific is particularly bad Countries like Tong, PANG, Jackrabbit all have smoking prevalence in males above 50 per cent, and very high in females. That is unusual what we tend to see in the developing countries Asia, is comparatively high and disturbingly high in fact. Prevalence for ales, around 40 to 50 per cent but much lower prevalence for females. We do not tend to see that in the Pacific where women are smoking almost as much as men. (Garrett) . (Schemer, Ron ).Europe may be leading the efforts to stamp out smoking in public places . Pipe have been studying and it shows that teens smoking rate is very high to . But there losing at tryin g to get the teens to stop smoking most teens are doing it because other people are doing and they want fit in . The U. S. Is trying to promote smokers to stop by putting up signs and commercials and APS this way will get teens attention more . Over the next 10 years most scientists are researching polonium in cigarettes and the radioisotope .The people that seal cigarettes are trying to get out they contract on smoking because the see how bad it's hurting people and how unhealthy it is . Smokers show that symptoms of addiction suck as withdrawal ,craving ,failed attempts to stop happen in the first week of smoking the percent of smoking went from 25 percent to 35 These results reside the question about nicotine from just one cigarette can mess up and alter your brain to trigger and addiction -when people try to interview the makers of cigarettes they don't have comments on the subject or say the same thing you can always stop smoking.Tobacco use is a world wide epidemic that effect s different genders,races and age group, Ones experience hits close to home. When MS pots was 22 in college she was pledging. She had to give cigarettes out to the big sisters in her sorority. As she keep selling them she began to smoke them her self,she thought if she would do it she would be cool. In 201 1 she was diagnosed with COPED which stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. She had to walk around with a oxygen tank On her back for two years.She tried multiply times to stop she tried a peal called Chianti for two months but that didn't work. On October 1 2010 she feel on her knees to God and asked him to please take the taste away from her. Since the she has never put a cigarette in her mouth since then. There are many possible solutions to kicking the habit of smoking like; raising prices of cigarettes,banning CIA ret ads,restricting advertisement to youth ,tougher laws on marketing,reduction of tar and nicotine levels,stop attraction of cigarettes .