The Effects of Temp & PH on Enzymes Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Effects of Temp & PH on Enzymes - Lab Report ExampleThe practise of enzymes is highly affected by changes in pH and temperature and as such(prenominal) each enzyme works beat at a given pH and temperature (Jencks, 1987). Changes in pH alter the state of ionization of supercharged amino acids that may play a crucial role in substrate binding and/or the catalytic action itself. Similarly, hydrogen bonds are easily disrupted by increasing temperature which disrupts the shape of the enzyme such that its affinity for its substrate diminishes (Groves, 1997).In this experiment, each group of four students was provided with a tube of concentrated -amylase that was labelled A, B or C. The tube with enzyme was kept on ice. Each group performed part 1 and 2 of the experiment.First, -amylase preparation C was recorded and then one test tube was labeled vacant and five-spot others as 40C, 230C, 370C, 650C and 1000C. 1ml of 1% starch solution at pH 7 was added to each test tube, whereby the starch was the substrate for the reaction. Each tube was placed in a water bath that was set as one of the indicated temperatures. The blank and the 230C were placed at room temperatures while the 40C on ice. All the tubes were allowed to equilibrate to the desire temperatures for ten minutes.A fresh dilution of the unknown -amylase was made by mixing 100l of the concentrated enzyme stock with 9.9 of dH20 frisson to mix. The stock and the diluted solutions were kept on ice. All the tubes were retrieved after 10 minutes of pre- incubation step. 1ml of dH20 was added to the blank tube only. To the other five tubes, a timer

Schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

schizophrenic psychosis - Essay Examplewith schizophrenia is the reduction of the prize of life that they enjoy with lower rates of employment, disrupted marriages and the reduced ability to live independently (Frankenberg, 2007).Schizophrenia ranks among the top ten diseases that are responsible for causing disability among the population of the public. It affects all kinds of people disregarding of colour, caste, creed and culture, though there is a trend of higher prevalence in the developed world and among migrants (Saha et al, 2005). Estimates on the worldwide prevalence of schizophrenia put the prevalence rate at 1.1% making for more or less 51 million people suffering from the disorder around the world. The prevalence rate of schizophrenia in Australia is almost similar to the worldwide prevalence rate, which gives an estimated 285,000 people afflicted with the disorder in Australia (Schizophrenia Facts and Statistics).The aetiology of schizophrenia still remains an eni gma, as there is limited clarity in it. Genetics and perinatal nutritional stress have remained the main postulated aetiologies of schizophrenia. The postulation of a genetic basis in the aetiology of schizophrenia stems from the studies conducted into schizophrenia in dizygotic and monozygotic twins, wherein it was found that the concordance for schizophrenia is nearly ten percent, whereas it was nearly to fifty percent in the case of monozygotic twins (Frankenberg, 2007).Nutritional deficiencies occur frequently during pregnancies. there is evidence to suggest that in utero exposure deficiencies in nutrition increase vulnerability to schizophrenia, as a result of disruption of neurodevelopment. This is the basis of the perinatal nutritional stress aetiology in schizophrenia. Evidence in support of this postulation has come from the studies into the association of the perinatal stress during the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945 and the grievous famine in China. The nutrients who se deficiency is suggested to be associated with the

Materials & Manufacturing Process Selection Case Study - 1

Materials & Manufacturing Process natural selection - Case Study ExampleThe CES Edupack software is normally used to select the most suitable natural for the bracken magnetic dish antenna. Several factors are considered when choosing a material for brake book. These include the specific gravity of the material, caloric conductivity, wear resistance and the materials cost per unit volume. This research work focuses on the design of the brake disc and the entire brake assembly, the most commonly used material in the design and the calculations that are heterogeneous in the brake organisation. This research is supposed to sufficiently inform the King Swan Engineering loaded on the brake disc. The Company may, therefore, use the knowledge derived from this report to improve on the current existing brake disc.The brake disc is a metallic wheel in a brake system against which the brake pad rub. As the pad is pushed against the disc, heat is generated. The disc should there have t he capacity to support the heat due to friction. The function of the disc is to stop the vehicle when it comes into contact with the brake pads. The brake disc is connected to the vehicles tire by means of bolts and nuts. The brake pads are normally pushed against the disc via the brake calipers. The brake discs are commonly made of grey cast irons. The cast iron, however, has some shortcomings such as last specific gravity and high heat conductivity. Application of brake discs is traced back to early 1890s. The disc was depression discovered by a scientist known as Fredrick William. The brake discs have better performance as compared to wheel drums. This is attributed to the fact that brake discs come with ventilation holes through which air circulates to the entire disc. The brake disc is composed of a brake disc bolted to the axle or hub of the wheel hubs and the housing called calipers. The calipers. The calipers are connected to the axle plaster bandage in two parts. Each o f the parts has a piston. In between the piston and the disc, there is a friction pad

Supporting parents through the experience of their childs cancer Dissertation

Supporting parents through the experience of their minors pubic louse treatment - Dissertation ExampleIn this case, the study focuses on the bear rendered to the parents of a peasant with cancer, which correspond to numerous researches they normally undergo both disheartening and distressful experiences (Boman, Bjork & Lindahl, 2003). This is especially when they watch their children experience ugly incidences on daily basis with little knowledge on how to alleviate it or help them (Kars et al. 2008). Consequently, in this situation parents end up experiencing depression, stress and shock (Boman, Bjork & Lindahl, 2003). The latter (shock) characterizes parents of newly diagnosed children with cancer, which persists almost throughout the intact treatment period though there are strategies by varied entities meant to help them. These encompass instituting support mechanisms for both the parents and children during the long-term treatment period (Yun-Shan & Verklan, 2008). They e mbrace availing adequate information to the parents or the guardians, supporting their make out strategies/mechanisms (like fellowshipping together) and intervening where possible with the necessary support (Ferrandis et al. 2008). Availing adequate information to the parents goes beyond imparting them with literature active cancer but equipping them with the necessary knowledge regarding what is affecting their children (Rogers, 2011). Therefore, this entails effective parent-clinician communication intended to bring out caregivers psychological sleep (Clarke & Neil, 2010). However, due to certain factors in the medical institutions, this has somehow failed. This is evident with confusions that the parents have experience when dealing with diverse pediatricians handling their children cases, whereby they seem to have contradicting ideas concerning their childrens cancer predicaments. Consequently, this leaves parents with doubt regarding the expertise of the oncologists tackli ng their childs health predicament (Boman, Bjork & Lindahl, 2003). This study seeks to highlight experiences of parents having a child with cancer, how they react to stress (based on gender), their coping mechanisms and effectiveness of varied strategies meant to support parents through the treatment period. Rationale The topic is essential in relation to my athletic field as a pediatrician whereby its core focus entails highlighting the epidemic of child cancer and what their parents experience. Mostly, this encompasses support mechanisms so far instituted by varied related authorities aimed at aid parent manage child cancer as well as granting them the necessary psychological peace (Wills, 2009). The recent aspect that has prompted me to contact this study was to ascertain the state of parent-clinician communication in the medical field and forms implement to impart parent with the necessary information (Clarke & Neil, 2010). The latter encompass developments, which pediatrician s have devised and stated as effective in their quest to impart parents with adequate knowledge regarding cancer, which is through leaflets besides utilizing electronic media (Rogers, 2011). relevancy of the Study The topic, which is about support given to parents during their childs long-term treatment, is among numerous duties that are in spite of appearance the area of my specialization. Definitions The study utilizes the word ailing instead of suffering. Since, the latter has a wide desktop of definitions and implications compared to

Sociology, Crisis and Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sociology, Crisis and Conflict - Essay ExampleThe subject consider of this essay states about Sociology, Crises and Conflict, while under this a question arise which state Medicine plainly when cannot rid humanity of the scourge of AIDS. How authentic is this assertion Can AID be curable only through medicine or there are other approaches that need to bring forward to execute for achieving that purpose In the end of the essay, it would get to understand about these. Meanwhile, at this point, let flash cover version once again to talk about already raising debate on health and companionable getting evens.No doubt, health is a social issue that needs to have considerable concentrations from government and sequestered organizations in all communities across the globe. As social means the ensuring of well being of the people, thus, health issue most to be included on that aspect.In Barents Euro -Artatic Region for example, health matter is going drop dead in hand with other so cial issues. The new Program on Health and cerebrate favorable Issueswill develop the necessary co-operation between social and health institutions in order to enhance the health function in the Barents Euro-Arctic region. Vulnerable groups in the population should be the main target of the Program, also taking into cypher the special problems of sparsely populated areas. Three areas of priority have been chosen. (Working Group on Health and Related Social Issues).However, the issue ... Meanwhile, it is observed that it very true that medicine alone cannot cure the suffering, trouble and tightness cause by AID. The disease AID is a very serious event resulting in great destruction and change, which is also politicized world wide, especially in the 21 century. How can medicine alone can cure a disease which is widely promoted by International medical authorities, government and non-government organization, including media, given education that frighten and contradict It must no t be possible that the medicine alone can do this work.BACKGROUND OF AID DISEASE. It is noted in an article titled (Evidence That HIV Causes AID) that acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide pandemic. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By starring(p) to the destruction and/or functional impairment of cells of the immune system, notably CD4+ T cells, HIV progressively destroys the bodys office to fight contagious diseases and certain cancers. An HIV-infected person is diagnosed with AIDS when his or her immune system is seriously compromised and manifestations of HIV infection are severe. The U.S. Centers for ailment Control and Prevention (CDC) currently defines AIDS in an adult or jejune age 13 years or older as the presence of one of 26 conditions revelatory of severe immunosuppressant associated with HIV infection, such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a condition extraordin arily rare in people without HIV infection.The United state for example has begin to witnessing the escalation of the incidence of HIV Disease from 1981, up to the year 2006, which is approximately 25 years back. The situation not only adversely

System Architecture & Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

System computer architecture & Design - Research Paper ExampleThe researcher of this paper states that the system design needs to better the hard drives to increase their performance speed. System architecture is the proper(postnominal) model of a concept that describes the coordinate and the behavior of a given system. The design of the hard disk drive, that is created in the research paper acts as a system solution provider for the users. Developing the design of the disk drive includes some specific features like the application of the programming software systems to achieve this goal. Additionally, it is essential for the designer to ensure that the work undergoes certificate and recording. This is because this work can be improved in the forthcoming. Therefore, the importance of documentation is to keep the work for future references. Thus, the designer ought to document a part of the process that is significant for the intellectual purposes and for future reference. The des ign utilizes the technique of the input the process and finally the output of data. The design presented in the essay should be suitable for use of goods and services by a large group of system designers and further it must be applicable in a variety of sectors of production. The hard disk design addressed is easy to use and has an easily understand design. The only limitation noted by the researcher are the risks that require thorough analysis to repress them and to ensure flow of work. The failure to assess and also to manage any form of risks can run away to loss of clear project plan that can consequently cause failure.

Your pick of this week's news Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Your pick of this weeks intelligence agency - Assignment ExampleDonor nations particularly face challenges while dealing with the receptive but astute nations on the grounds of sexual orientation.The main idea of the article is that with the growth in the acceptance of merry rights globally, donor nations and organizations are facing more challenges in establishing the limits to which they can extend help to the nations that impose throw away on homosexuality. The spring has given enough factual material to support the ideas e.g. latest estimates of the UN, and quotations of important figures. The author appears to have obtained information through review of literature and latest news. The reportage is true and balanced because it is establish on facts. The author has identified the dilemma donor nations are caught in as they feel pressurized to tour of duty aid to the discriminating nations to take their stand for gay rights on one hand, and to continue aid for the health and social wellbeing of these nations on the cost of gay right

The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas ( Style is Essay

The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas ( Style is Annals of the Associatio n of American Geographers , AAAG) - Essay ExampleThis has also direct to discrimination and racial segregation when it comes to plastered privileges. Immigration has been used as a means to adult male right violation and slavery in certain parts of the world yet in certain areas human rights have been observed with the best effort.While the phenomenon immigration has existed for centuries, it was after the Second World contend that immigration started gaining momentum. This was due to factors such as religious conflicts, political instability, and economic constraints in their countries of origin. Migration has direct to changes in how countries shape up in areas such as education, economy, culture, and even social life. The new environments that migrants experience designate diverse challenges which have led them to adapt in different ways. In Greece, for example, the Cold War do native s flee their country which had a poor economy, in search of better life in places deal the United States, Canada, Australia, and other more developed counties (Skandalis 2012). However, after the Cold War and with the fall of the communist duration in Eastern Europe, Greece became an attractive place for immigrants from Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and other less developed countries in Eastern Europe. separate immigrants in the country came from outside of Europe, from India and Afghanistan. This had a huge impact on the economy and society of Greece. What was erstwhile a homogenous society became a culture and linguistic mosaic. The immigrants managed to deal with barriers such as misidentify legislation and unfriendly entrepreneurial climates to become farmers, construction workers, and employees in other sectors, overwhelming even the natives (Skandalis 2012). This led to Greece experiencing a transformation in regard to its occupational structure. Occupations such as manufac turing and small trading that characterised the tralatitious family are on the decline. On the other hand occupations such as salaried clerical

Rights of police officers and the development of police unions Essay

Rights of natural law officers and the development of police unions - Essay ExampleNon enter police officers also cannot negotiate the details of their contracts at a collective level, which is also a challenge for non unionized law enforcement agencies.Absence of union from agencies is also not good for authorities and focusing. When there are unions, management has an opportunity to negotiate with leaders of the union in order to solve either problem. Absence of unions exponent lead to organizational issues and uncertainty, which will be very difficult to resolve. This is why presence of unions is also Copernican for management as they know people with which they can talk and negotiate in case of any grievance of employees.Police incisions that have union protection are much better off than police departments without union protection. Unions are good for both employees and management. Employees can raise their voice against any injustice as they have a clear platform do so. Unions also give management and authorities a chance to resolve issues amicably without disrupting normal activities of the police department. Law enforcement agencies have an important function in the society and, therefore, employee dissatisfaction and grievance can have negative consequences for the whole society. This is why unionized police department are better off than non unionized police

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Business law - Essay ExampleThe intention of the parties is judged objectively by the judge. The court has to ask whether, in any given mint, a analytic person would bear on the agreement between the parties as whether it think to bid them. The test is usually an objective one and the judges in the court mainly rely on assumptions in order to assist them in as legitimateing whether the parties recalled to be legitimately bound by the agreement. Where the agreement is made between the buyer and the seller, the court mechanically presumes that the parties intended to be legally bound by the law by the agreement that they make. In the suit of clothes Balfour v Balfour 1919 2 KB 571, Mr. Balfour worked with the government as civil engineer. At that time, he was living with his wife. During Mr. Balfours leave in 1915, his wife got rheumatic arthritis when they were still in England. Her doctor insisted that she had to be left bottomland since she would be affected by the change of climate. As her husband was leaving, he promised to send to her 30 pounds a month until she joined him. Later, the husband said that they better live apart the way they were when she was sick. The wife sued him so that she can still be getting the 30 pounds. The court ruled that in this case, there was no enforceable agreement between the two parties. This was though even if the depth of reasoning of the two parties differed. In the case Henthorn v Fraser 1892 2 Ch 27, the claimant had received a note from the defendant, where the defendant had offered to purchase a certain property within 14 days. The claimant responded promptly where he sent the defendant an acceptance through the electronic mail the day that followed in order to accept the offer. Before the defendant had received the acceptance from the claimant, he withdrew the offer. This was afterwards the claimant had posted the acceptance. When the claimant sued the defendant, the court of appeal ruled that the claimant w as entitled to specific performance from the defendant. This was so because a quail becomes bidding when the acceptance is posted within the given duration of time. When an agreement is reached in a transaction or commercial context, the court automatically assumes that the parties to the case intended to be legally bound at the time they were making the agreement. Apply the law to the facts of the question in a detailed and logical expressive style As an agreement only becomes legally enforceable when the parties in the case intend to be legally bound at the time they were making the agreement, a judge has to conduct an objective assessment of the circumstances in which Sally, Peter and Burt made the agreement. The question in this case is whether under any circumstances, a logical person would regard the exchange agreement as intended to be binding. The parties in this case atomic number 18 no friends but handicraft people that is, a buyer and a seller. There are equal fact s in this case to indicate that the sale agreement was in a commercial or business context. Given that the parties are not friends but business partners, the court will assume that the parties involved, Peter, Sally and Burt intend to be legally bound by the time they were making the agreement. In order to enforce the sale agreement, Sally has to prove with additional facts to the presumption

Adobe Frames Interface Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

adobe brick Frames Interface - Essay ExampleExecutable reads that can be played from a compact saucer can also be created using singe without the wish for any additional software.Flash has the capability of capturing substance abuser input through the keyboard, mouse, camera or even the microphone.In order to use flash, one does not need to know any programming language even though flash itself contains a scripting language called ActionScript which is object-oriented and offers verify for automation through JFL (JavaScript Flash Language). Overview of Action script ActionScript is an object-oriented scripting language which looks much more manage JavaScript that is use by Flash to control objects within its moving pictures. Its based on ECMA-262 specification just like JavaScript. ActionScript enables interactive design in Flash by allowing execution of different actions within a movie (Waldron, 2006). It was initially referred to just as actions and was introduced in Flash musician 4. It enabled simple interactivity in Flash and it was not as such a complicated language since its semantics and syntax was not anywhere close to ECMAScript. ECMAScript-based syntax was although later applied and thus ActionScript 1.0 was born and introduced in Flash Player 5. ActionScript evolved and its semantics tweaked with the release of Flash Player 6 and 7. In 2003, ActionScript 2.0 was introduced in Flex 1.0 and Flash MX 2004 but it could still work in Flash Player 6 and 7 since it was using an object model similar to that of ActionScript 1.0 (Waldron, 2006). In Flash Player 9, ActionScript 3.0 was introduced as result of a new ActionScript Virtual Machine (AVM2) which is now the main realistic machine for execution of ActionScript code although support for AVM1 is still provided in order to accommodate earlier versions of ActionScript. ActionScript 2.0 and ActionScript 3.0 ActionScript 2.0 was introduced in Flash MX 2004. Although it still utilized the same objec t model as ActionScript 1.0, it is well furnished for complex and larger applications. It adds some few new runtime capability and functionality by improving object-oriented programming in Flash through the introduction of syntax and semantics that is object-oriented. ActionScript 1.0 lacked an official vocabulary for the inception of objects and classes even though it was considered to be object-oriented. In ActionScript 1.0, prototypical objects were used as classes since there was no provision of class keyword for class creation and extend keyword for establishing inheritance which ActionScript 2.0 now provides thus making the language more familiar to those programmers with OOP backgrounds. ActionScript 2.0 has also make it possible for the creation of Java-like interfaces via the use of the interface statement. ActionScript 1.0 did not offer support for user interfaces. In ActionScript 1.0, the file extension for class files was .as which could be defined in in-line code or e xternal files. ActionScript 2.0 now introduces a .class extension for class files and requires them to be defined in external class files. This enables editing class files in Flash MX professional 2004 editor or in any other external editor.

Describe the relationship between treaties and customary international Essay

Describe the relationship between treaties and customary world-wide law - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, treaties atomic number 18 deliberate agreements that create clear rights and/or obligations for the parties. Treaties are also referred to as convention, charter, protocol, covenant, pact, ordinance and concordat2. As far as customary foreign laws are concerned, peremptory norm (jus cogens) originate from principles of globalist/natural Law and surpasses all laws. Examples include those that govern international crimes such as slavery, galvanic pile evictions, torture, mass murders, aggression wars and criminal activities against humans. Peremptory norms and international customary laws commode non be interchanged. All peremptory norms become international customary laws after accedes adopt them. However, not all international customary laws are considered as pattern of jus cogens. States can move away from international customary law by creating treaties and laws, but peremptory norms are not derogable3. There are two elements that are crucial for formation of the CIL. These are the general state practice behavior patterns and opinion juris, which is simply a legal expectation that certain point is appropriate. It is ceaselessly a requirement that both elements coincide, as much as element two is the one that matters in practice. Opinio juris is gathered from the general legal expectations that are shared by humankind, and not some groups. It is worth noting that no(prenominal) of the two elements are subject to universal acceptance, yet CIL has a universal obligation for people and nations. Additional, no consents from nations is necessary but it seeks to align the international community. These features are reflected in various cases. In UK V. Norway Fishing case, UK reconcile Norway over its claims over exclusive fishing rights and control over expansive waters. The ICJ ruled that the claims by Norway were never in line with the internation al laws regarding water resources. In the Colombia v. Peru Assylum Case, ICJ made recognition of the Article 38 of the international court of justice statute comprising of general customs and local customs. Further stipulating that for customs to be turn out they ought to have been uniformly and continuously executed. Countries that have an objection to international customary law may not submit to the laws unless deemed by peremptory norms. The ICJ statute recognizes the existence of international customary law enshrined in article 38(1)(b), which was incorporated by Article 92 of the UN charter4. Treaty and customary international law combine in concert for the benefit of general international law. Customary international law directly reflects state behavior and so it evolves naturally to meet the needs of the global society. Customary international law is flexible and it can be dynamic in nature. Customary international law rules may be unclear and they cannot be positive quic kly. Treaties can clarify Customary International Law for instance, the provisions of the VCLT codified CIL in this are of law. Treaties can develop Customary International Law, for example, the provisions of the United Nation Convention on the Law of the ocean (1982) developed CIL rules relating to the Exclusive Economic Zone. Lastly, treaties can inspire new Customary International Law5. Although treaty and international customary law are regarded as different law sources, separating these two entities is not

The Fall (of man) in Genesis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Fall (of spell) in Genesis - Research cover Exampleiew it, it is the conflict of conflicts that swayed the public security of man as he entered a new era where peace mingled with him and fellow man, him and Gods creation was eroded. The conflict between Man and God and its solution is much resembling to the conflict that exists in the contemporary society between people, countries and even leaders. As the ebb of peace is enjoyed between each tide of war, man (and countries alike) assesses previous battles, losses and gains, so as to strengthen itself for future conflicts. rarely do men realize the very origin of conflict may be traced to the Old testament book of Genesis. It should be understood that not every fall ends up in a war, yet the source of all conflict is the result of one fall in particular. The fall of man as depicted in Genesis begins the greatest conflicts kn avouch the conflict of man verses God the conflict of man verses man and the conflict of man verse creation.In the book of Genesis, Man was the most privileged become of Gods creation. God created man as the last creature after He had created the earth, a conducive environment for man. As opposed to other organisms that were created out of nothingness, man was created from soil, a symbol that he was a special creation on Earth1. Much more, he was created in the image and likeness of God, to intend the close relationship that God established between man and Himself as the most privileged cash in ones chips of creation. This special treatment is also manifested in the nature of the responsibilities that the Lord gave to man as regards the entire go away of creation. The Lord asked man to take responsibility of the land, the animals and the environment as he fends for his existence in this cream of creation. In principle, man was placed as the overall in the work of creation, a superior being than no other in the Garden of Aden. When God noted that Adam was lonely, he created E ve from his own rib so that she would keep him company and wipe away his loneliness2. The love of God

North Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

North Africa - Essay ExampleIt is a common misconception that the clusters of nations that make up the continent of Africa are just that, and nothing more. The lack of familiarity, and hence detention for these eccentricly diverse groups of peoples and cultures perpetuates a stigma of uni pretendity that belies the truth. What many fail to realize is that, approximately whiz billion people, made up of nearly 3000 ethnic groups speaking in 2000-3000 various languages (Kaiser 15 January 2013), populate this majestic continent. All general notions of uniformity dealt and disposed with, I would like to take a appressed look at the specific region of North Africa in order to discuss the larger historic, heathenceish and social influences, and the effect that they have impressed upon the music in this subcontinent.North Africa has a very influential diachronic background which is distinctively composed of many civilizations, empires and kingdoms for instance, the Nok Civilization w hich remained in power from 500BCE to 200CE (approximate figures) similarly the Kingdom of gold coast which maintained its authority over the continent from 830 to 1235. The African continent is inhabited by emigrants belonging to different parts of the world who until the 20th century did not even consider themselves as Africans (Kaiser, Africa and Ethnomusicology). The word Africa is derived from Arabic term Ifriqiye which was an expression for the coastal areas of North Africa. Slavery carried diverse groups of people to the African land who were then recognized as one, which ultimately developed the basic thought of Africa among the residents of many countries. The extremely brutal form of slavery led the scholars of the black population particularly those who had left their ancestral land and migrated to North Africa to postulate anti-slave campaigns. By the end of the 19th century the term Africa was familiar among traders and intellectuals surrounding the coastal towns as th e sufficient diversity. Due to this the modern day Africans are known to be the descendants of aboriginal Berber and Egyptian populace, in addition to the people of Greek, Phoenician and Roman civilizations, Moor as of Iberian Peninsula along with Arabs and Jewish. too Sub-Saharan African who came and settled in North Africa due to distant trading and slavery. People from France, Corsica, Malta, and so forth are also found in the present day North Africa (Kaiser, CD Problems?). Africans because of their rich historical background and affluent diversity among inhabitants have different religious beliefs and practices in addition to integrated music, art, drama and dance. As a result of diverse Diaspora the music of North America is influenced by their religious beliefs, spirituality, and character it characterizes the groups and individuals as per their prior conditions and musical abilities (Kaiser, Africa and Ethnomusicology). Material cultural Africans have their own distinctiv e music way of life which compels Westerners to recognize their special music as the African Sound. The basic idea behind their unique music style is concealed under racial unity, geographic harmony, communal politics/history/ sparing and above all the cultural concord. African maintain their own cultural attitude which is closely associated with the folklore and true(a) life events, incorporated in to routine life, active participation in music, drama, dance or optic arts. Ultimately all of these are related to their religious beliefs and nature (Kaiser, Africa and Ethnomusicology). The concept of music does not hardly encompass the typical music style rather it also includes education, sports and work in addition to ocular art, playing instruments, poetry, singing and dancing. Furthermore it includes sounds of humans, animals and instruments as voices, there is a call and response relationship, strong draw between motion and rhyme, sound, shape and feeling in the music (Kais er, Africa a

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies Research Paper - 1

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies - inquiry Paper ExampleTranscontinental rock oil Company was the owner of the Marathon brand. Ohio Oil Company modify into Marathon Oil Company in 1960s, making it grow by purchasing or coming together with other companies. Besides, the alliance has enjoyed good fortunes through drilling oil in regions outside the USA. Such regions complicate Mexico, Canada, Alaska and Ireland (United States Congress, 1981) United States Steel bought Marathon Oil in 1982 and moved its headquarters from Ohio to Texas. In 1998, Marathon Oil merged with Ashland Inc. and formed Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC. This enabled Marathon Oil to expand its base in the USA. In 2001, USX change the steel firm in Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC and concentrated on oil business. The familiarity was then named Marathon Oil Corporation (Donnell, 2007). The caller has opened up drilling facilities in Louisiana, Illinois, Canton, Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, Texas City, Catlettsburg, Texas, Minnesota, Angola, and equatorial Guinea because of merging. The company also experiences good returns on its investment. For example, the latest financial statement for the company verbalise returns on investors appreciated by 9.8%, earning yields of 8%, revenue increase of 16 billion and profit margins of 9 billion. The company made a profit of 4 billion more compared to the previous year. Though the company had an increase of daily expenses from 166 million daily to 174 million, it experienced a daily income of 384 million. The main reason why the company has sustained good profits is its ability to conquer saucily markets and merge with other companies (Donnell, 2007). mind 2 CarMax, Inc was established in 1996. The company deals in second-hand cars through its subsidiaries. Last year the company sold over half a million cars. The company also sales some of its cars through vendue last year, the company sold thirty thousand cars at its on-site aucti on centers. At times, the company is allowed to sell new cars at four locations together with manufacturing companies. Last year, two percent of its cars sold were new cars. Apart from this, the company offers other products and services. They include purchasing of cars directly from consumers, guaranteed asset protection, accessories, and vehicle repair. The company acquires cars from consumers through car-buying centers and in-store appraisal process and sales them to other buyers or leases them out to hires or individuals who want to use them in racing or wedding parties (CarMax, 2013). It would be profitable if CarMax merged with Suzuki Motor Corporation. This is because Suzuki Motor Corporation ranges worldwide. This would run CarMax expand its services to the international community and widen its market. Lastly, by going international, CarMax would improve its image as an international company. The company would also deal in a wide range of cars such as pickups and Nissan mo torcycles. This would enable the company to outshine major rival companies such as General Motors (American Suzuki Motor Corporation, 2013). perplexity 3 Marathon Oil Corporation has a cost leadership system that improves level of ability and reduces costs of operation. Such system is able to convince countries to allow Marathon Oil Corporation to operate in their regions in a cost-effective mode. This has enabled the company to deliver goods and services to its clients at a comparatively lower price compared to its rivals. The company has also differentiated its

Early Intervention Essay Example for Free

Early Intervention EssayEarly intervention is essential to achieve the best realizable outcome for the sister. However multi-agency working is important too, when all the professionals involved with a child share learning and co-operate with each other lives can be improved and stock-still saved. Baby P is an example of multi-agencies not working together properly, early intervention and working together will help prevent more(prenominal) unnecessary deaths. Early years practitioners can provide information for local services which may be helpful to disadvantaged or vulnerable families, we can work together with social workers, health professionals and even DHSS by helping to complete forms for additional benefits the family may be entitled to. The best interest of the child is always the priority, policies and guidance must also be followed when a referral is being made to an outside agency. works together for the benefit of the child. Early intervention is also at the hea rt of the Governments national strategy on child poverty.They hope to provide guard and de-stigmatise services, provide more health visitors for Sure Start Childrens Centres and are providing an Early Intervention Grant for local authorities to invest in addressing their local needs. The come to of all these measures for early intervention, will hopefully be a more stable society with less(prenominal) children in workless homes. Parents will be able to work and support their children, providing better homes, healthier food and a stable home life. Children will appreciate their education and strive to achieve their full potential. They will be safer, healthier and hopefully happier. They will take away access to facilities to improve their health and swell up-being as well as their physical, social emotional development. Services will be in place to provide support to families in need, helping families stay together and become more stable. By 2020 our society will have changed f or the better if the Governments strategy works.

Low Voter Turnout in the United States Essay Example for Free

Low elector Turnout in the United States EssayThroughout Ameri behind history, there has been a steady reduction in elector fishing rig. Not only has this been humiliating for the United States, low votingr equipage has been and always bequeath be a threat to Ameri faecal matter Democracy. The concept of democracy is dependent on citizens actively participating in choices and vote to select representatives for earthly concern office. The government can non be representative of the people, unless the people elect its representatives. Voter turnout is a major index of how citizens view their electoral system, and whether or non they believe that the system is working. on that point are numerous factors that impede elector turnout, including citizens political attitudes, demographic factors, and the structure of the electoral system.The established modification process is one of the main causes of low voter turnout in the United States. Unlike umteen democracies, the United States places the burden of adjustment on the individual (Vanishing Voter, 7). there are no penalties for citizens that do not prove or vote in American elections. Some propose that requiring citizens to vote and imposing penalties on those who fail to do so will increase voter turnout. The dilemma with this proposal is that it is fundament tout ensembley un egalitarian. Citizens of democratic societies are promised the right to vote. In guaranteeing the right to vote, citizens are guaranteed the right not to vote as well. There are wagerer rootages to the problem of low voter turnout in the United States than enacting compulsory voting laws.America has not established a national system of automatic registration procedures for voter registration differ from state to state. A universal system of voter registration would make it much to a greater extent simple for people to vote. The problem with this solution is that automatically registering people to vote does not i mply that they will actually go out and vote. Six states have enacted a good solution, same day registration, which has been turn up to increase voter turnout anywhere from 10 to 17 percent (Donovan, 182). Same day voter registration allows qualified citizens to register to vote on the day that elections are held. Because many states do not allow same day registration, many Americans do not take the time and effort to register in the first place same day registration helps to solve thisproblem. The registration process and electoral system also creates a problem of convenience.Not only is the registration process inconvenient, Election daytime itself is problematic. Election day is held on a Tuesday, impeding the majority of the population from voting due to work-related duties and responsibilities. The solution for this problem is to make Election Day a national holiday. If citizens did not have the responsibility to be at work, they would be much more than in all probability t o find time and take the effort to go out and vote. Other solutions have been offered, including extending the voting period, enacting absentee ballot systems, and voting by mail. While all of these separate solutions have made it easier, cheaper and more convenient for citizens to vote, the costs do not fully outweigh the benefits. In any kind of early voting solution, the biggest concern is that early voters vote without knowing all of the momentous information needed to make a well-informed vote. Many occurrences and revelations come at the end of the campaigns and can no longer influence voters that have already voted and cannot change their selection.A voters political attitude is the biggest indicator of whether or not he or she will vote. Interest in the election, concern over outcome, detectings of civil ostentation, and political efficacy all affect how people vote (Wayne, 83). Throughout American history, there has been a decline in partisan identification. Party alleg iance is a stimulus for voting. Since citizens are not as patriotic to partisanship as they were in the past, they have less incentive to actually go out and vote in elections. As a group, independents are 12 percent less likely to vote than are strong partisans (Wayne, 83). along with the decline in party identification, come to in political campaigns has been declining steadily overtime as well.In todays society, politics is forced to compete with so many other things in the media or at home for peoples attention. Media audiences are more interested in human-interest and celebrity stories than they are in politics. Because of this, election coverage in the media has greatly declined. The medias coverage of the election is dominated by the use ofnegative publicizing and attack journalism. The frequent use of negative advertising in the media has played a office staff in Americas declining voter turnout. These negative advertisements repel potential voters causing them to lose interest in the political campaign. Along with negative advertising, the lack of competition between candidates has also decreased political interests and led to low voter turnout.Low political efficacy has greatly reduced voter turnout in the United States. Voter efficacy is the belief that ones vote counts and that voters can change the way government works or public officials behave (Wayne, 83). There are many factors affecting voter efficacy, including education and income. Income plays a major role in voter turnout. With the expansion of poverty in the United States, the gap between the rich and the unretentive is steadily growing. Citizens of lower income typically have lower voter efficacy. They are also less touch with the outcome of the election than citizens of higher income levels, therefore, many of these people simply choose not to vote because they feel that they will not be affected by the outcome of the election. Income, education, and likelihood to vote are all po sitively correlated more traind citizens have higher income levels and are much more likely to vote.Education is the greatest influence on voting behavior. It provides people with the skills for processing and evaluating information for perceiving differences among the parties, candidates, and issues and for relating these differences to personal set and behavior (Wayne, 83). The more educated a citizen is, the more interested they are in the election and the more concerned they are with the outcome. Educated citizens also have a great sense of civic pride and higher voter efficacy. All of these factors combined acquire to a much higher likelihood of a person to actually turnout and vote.To increase political education, some propose conducting citizen education campaigns. The goal of these campaigns is to educate the people on the benefits and responsibility involved with voting. The main problem with this solution is that it is easier said than done. It is genuinely unuttered to persuadenonvoters to take the time and make the effort to educate themselves on the reasons why they should vote. A better way to increase education and voter turnout is to encourage grassroots campaigns. These get-out-the-vote campaigns help motivate interest in elections with nonvoters and can influence them to vote, increasing voter turnout. Neither conducting citizen education campaigns nor encouraging grassroots campaigns can promise an increase in voter turnout, but both can help influencing citizens to vote and perchance lead to higher voter turnout in the United States.Low voter turnout is a big problem in the United States. According to Wayne, Low turnout suggests that people may be alienated, lack faith in the candidate and parties, think that the government is and will remain unresponsive to their ask and interests, and believe that they cannot achieve change through the electoral process (Wayne, 85). The voter turnout problem is very hard to solve because low voter turnout itself leads to less voting. The numerous factors that impede voter turnout include citizens political attitudes, demographic factors, and the structure of the electoral system.Some of the impediments are structural, but the most potent impediments are caused by other factors, such as the media, political campaigns, and the American citizens. Overall, the benefits of increasing voter turnout greatly outweigh the costs of doing so. While some proposed solutions may work better than others, it is most primal to change voters attitudes about politics and make it more convenient for Americans to both register and vote. Higher voter turnout will reverse the relentless cycle of low voter turnout and help lead to a more representative democracy.Bibliography1. The Road to the White House 2008. 8th edition. Stephen J. Wayne. 20082. Reforming the Republic Democratic Institutions for the saucily America. Todd Donowan and Shaun Bowler. 2004

Analysis of Ethics and Values Essay Example for Free

summary of Ethics and Values EssayValues atomic number 18 defined as things that argon important and of whatsoever value for otherwises. Values are of utmost importance while formulating vision. Importance of value is not dear for individualists but organizations also emphasize greatly on its core values and even their vision is tenacious with the values of the organization. All the decisions about right and wrong are based on the values that an individual or organization has. Thus it is said that values are the rules that unitary follows both in individualized and professional life. Value shows what is right and what is wrong whereas doing what is right or wrong is determined by moral philosophy. When one says that behave ethically, they mean behave in the right mien. (Portman, 2010). By morals we mean certain standards of manoeuvre that shows how one should behave and fulfill the duties and responsibilities Professional Values and Ethics Professional values and eth ics nominate to set of standards of conduct that supports the prestige of various professions that exist in the party.These set of principles indicate that how a detail professional group should behave in the society and what personal qualities they need to develop and in what way they are supposed to communicate at the workplace as well as with others in the society. For manikin for scientists moral principles involve integrity and patriotism. Justice and sincerity are the ethics for judiciary. Professional ethics run an important part of an organization because it increases the productivity of the organization as it indicates the way community should communicate with individually other and the way they should carry out their responsibilities.Ethics for armament Organization Everyone agrees to the f spot that integrity, honesty and moral conduct are important elements in a good human being but what people dont agree is that these standards are applied equally for both pers onal and professional lives. An employee thinks that as long as his task are fulfilled, his employer should not care about his private conduct and he has all the rights to drinks, cheat take drugs or whatever he wants to do in his personal life. This whitethorn be true for the civilian sector but in the military there is different view.They do not tolerate drugs or alcohol. They do not allow sexual involvement with others in the workplace and severe punishments are given for dishonesty. Senior leaders say that for them private and public line are erased they cannot do what they want to do even in private as they answerable for the entire act that they do in private life as well. Military Ethics and Ethical Concepts Military ethics refers to the code of conduct of military personnel while performing military activities. This sentiment of military ethics revolves around three sub concepts.The first concept refers to suitable behavior of individual for their profession, proper accord of their standard mission and the assignments given to them and the right manner through which they can achieve their missions. The second concept underlines the suitable conduct of the military which is based on the fact that military members belong to a unique(predicate) profession. The third concept specifies proper conduct of military members as a citizen of a free society where people are expected to respect the dignity of humans and adhering to the values of the democratic society.Professionalism Concept Military ethics is based on complete professionalism which identifies the military members as professionals. Just as all other professionals are expected to perform their duties in a certain manner the same military members are also required to adhere to the values and principles of the society. Conception of Owing There are three Os on which the military ethics rely. These include owing, ordering and to ought.Military officers are indebted to a treat of people such as coun try people, their families and comrades therefore they should realize that it is a selfless service. Conception of society Concept of ordering is also very important in military ethics. It is about priorities and moral structures. For physical exercise a top ranking officer knows that there is certain defect in a branch that military requires badly, should the military officer reveal this information to the committee which is analyzing the weapon or he should hold this information and go ahead in getting the weapon for his men.Here the question of ethics and antecedence comes. Conception of Obligations This means what military members ought to do. According to military ethics, soldiers are expected to obey all the orders of the seniors promptly. simply sometimes this happen that these orders raise ethical question therefore the military men are ordinarily stuck between obeying the command or doing what is right and needs to be done.

Critical Analysis of Early Childhood Pedagogy Article Essay Example for Free

Critical Analysis of Early Childhood Pedagogy h antiquated EssayArgument stated that untimely childhood curriculum needs to be analyzed because the old curriculum was introduced by another culture. Early childhood curriculum as defined by Haliwell is withal called cultural construction work (Ashby, Grieshaber, p 127) and trading post between boundaries of culture, generations, and sexes (Ashby, Greishaber, p 128). Consideration is attached to the child center on education in order to answer the questions on what to be taught, who decides and who are the learners to damp childhood curriculum into person-making (p128). 2.Is the statement of the problem clear in the beginning to the end? The readings concluded that early education in the past did not respond to the changing circumstances (p. 139) makes it unclear since the circumstance of Australia is fitting a nation with multi-racial population contradict the point that traditional education in the past brought by Europea n countries and the west did not respond to change. Statement is incoherent towards a universal outlook or people go through a phase of inculturation which if traced back came out from the west or European in origin.See more how to write a critical analysis outline3. curtilages that hold up the arguments which is spark advance to the conclusion. The argument is to consider the hand over track with regards also to the so called child centered learning clarify in the examples by the PCF (see pages 137-138). However, it did not provide other register on the effects of the child centered learning option which undermines classroom behavioral patterns or the teacher and pupil relationship. 4. Relevance of the evidence that support argument is it up to date?Moreover, it criticizes that the old or early childhood programs legitimated diverse cultural viewpoints (page 138). Evidence gathered to answer the question about who to teach and be thought and what should be taught was not tr uly well implicated in the succeeding arguments although it discusses on the aboriginal culture of the nation. 5. Is there sufficient evidence to prove the case? Relevance? What is missing? The argument is to determine the best approach in the present childhood curriculum.However, there are no sufficient evidences if the past or the present trends are successful. 6. What (if any) would be a better order to present to strengthen the line of reasoning? The paper is to consider the methods of teach early childhood education. What is missing are the comparative analysis or the pros and cons of both the early trend and the new trend which is child-centered. The argument discussed several avenues of conflict especially when culture, sex and generation gaps are examined.7. argon there examples of flawed reasoning? Attempts to persuade the reader through an appeal to the emotions? Is evidence interpreted and employ correctly? The reader is appealed to the emotion of seeking identity to a fast changing world and competencies in teaching (page 137-138). Article did not answer the question on how early childhood education should be taught in Australia. Further there is no conclusion for instance concluding that Child centered program line must also become teacher focused.

The Responsibility Project Essay Example for Free

The Responsibility Project EssayEthical principles contribute and can be use to address the brass instrumental way outs. This account will discuss the way good principles get used for addressing the acts. This paper includes the information of a short film which is retrieved from the Responsibility Project web site. The paper includes several discussions which be why are the issues in film are important? What role do external affectionate pressures have in influencing organizational ethics? How might these issues be relevant to organizational and personal decisions? What is the kind among legal and ethical issues as shown in the film?Why Are the Issues in the cinema Important? Good vibration is a whimsical, which is an animated tale tells about the community responsibility and the equal of being complacent. This film is more focused on the community responsibility there is the same(p) issue which is found here about the organizations and communities. This film has p resented a scenario where the whole employees of an organization make fun of the lost(p) several(prenominal)s as these individuals are getting hurt tripping on the well-heeled brick in the sidewalk. afterward a while several people get injured and an elderly gentleman came walking down the sidewalk.After that an employee opened up the window to warn the elderly gentleman and showed him he caution sign so he wont get injured. A specific problem of this film would be that instead of psyche taking the charge to solve the issue, everyone planned to laugh on the individuals who were getting hurt through the loose brick. thither are many organization which deals with the same kind of personalities. There are times when an individual found a problem in the organization, but instead of solving that the one just ignores the issue and make fun of that.The main problem with such issues is, they get ignored for a very farsighted time and then become incurable and cause big loss to the org anizations and people associated with it. External loving Pressures and Organizational Ethics The situationor external favorable factor plays an important role in influencing the organizational ethics. At a time there would be many stakeholders and most of the time their interests overlap. Stakeholders include employees, customers, shareholders, and communities.Enron for a general example created a series of off-the books partnership which were used to hide the Enrons massive amount of debt and growing its share prices. This attempt was made to attract new share investors and to maintain the present stakeholders (Trevino and Nelson, 2006). If the outside founding would know the financial situation of Enrons condition, then he would have been gone very down so quickly. Enron was trying to get time to bring the business afloat. This is the one major example which reflects how external social pressure would force the organization to make such steps normally.If the more stakeholder s are involved within the organization then, there would be more chance of having overlapping interests between stakeholders. Organizational and Personal Decisions There are many issues which can take place within an organization, internally and externally. There are rough major issues which can force an organization to discard their ethical and legal responsibilities in an attempt to barely their organization. There are times when organization considers these decisions as the best available option to make implemented till the time the organization dont understand how serious and wrong these decisions were. or an example the Enron scandal was a case where the employees was aware about the processes which include illegal and wrong activities in the organization, but none of them took a step to stop these activities to be happened.The short film has talked about this case earlier. When the problem gets exploded everyone took a side to save themselves. at many times an organization need to understand what can be the best option for everyone involved in the organization which would be legally and illegally, rather than the organizations financial status.In the case of Enron it would be better if the organization published their financial status instead of hiding it for so long as they did. Through this attempt the organization hurt many individuals directly and indirectly to subscribe their bankruptcy. Relationship between Legal and Ethical Issues Most of the time there is a relation between the legal and ethical issues. As there are some acts, sometimes which can be unethical and that would also be illegal at the same time.As the film mentioned in its cenario, that people were express mirth at the individuals who was getting hurt through the loose brick, instead of solving that problem. There is a ethical issue in this particular scenario but non a legal issue. The people should fix up the problem through putting a sign board over there. This particular sc ene is not having the illegal act but i strongly believe that it was the ethical responsibility of employees to fix that problem. end This particular short film portrayed that, what can happen within an organization if none of the employees steps up and takes action.The old saying goes, One bad apple can ruin the bunch. The same can be said with ethical and legal responsibilities within an organization. Although the external social pressures may bend the organizational ethics, the organization needs to maintain their legal and ethical standards for the good of society and the growth of the organization as a whole. Organizational and personal decisions are also influenced by organizational issues. A fact which is legal does not necessarily mean that it is ethical as well.

The Coffee Crisis Essay Example for Free

The java Crisis EssayTo begin, The Coffee Crisis is about an acute coffee tree crisis and how it threatens millions of dispirited-pitched coffee farmers around the world and is set economic growth, as well as companionable and political stability, at risk in piles of coffee producing countries in Central and South the States, Africa and Asia. In 2004, the governments of coffee producing countries were considering how to respond to the dramatic decline in coffee prices caused in part by a large increase in coffee drudgery in Brazil and Vietnam. Coffee was the main source of income for roughly 25 million farmers, mostly small land holders, in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.Coffee prices had hit 40 year lows in 2001 and had remained low since, resulting in real hardship for many farmers. A variety of alternative solutions had been suggested. (Gomez-Ibanez Quinlan, 2004) The International Coffee Organization was advocating change magnitude demand through programs promoti ng coffee uptake the Inter-American Development Bank supported promotion but also thought some high-cost countries should waste ones time out of coffee, while the non-governmental organization Oxfam was pushing fair trade pricing.The coffee crisis is worldwide. It is affecting farmers in Central America, South America, Africa, and Asia. spot the Arabica farmers in Costa Rica may be acquiring 40 cents per poke for their coffee cherries, the Robusta coffee farmers in Viet Nam atomic number 18 only receiving 15 cents a pound for theirs. Even the low cost producers are not benefiting from the current situation. This condition is created because the trade place does not view coffee as a true commodity. It places premiums and discounts on both coffee types and coffee grades.While both grocerys may move up and down in tandem, the arbitrage, or spread between whiz Arabica and Robusta, does not give one farmer an economic competitive advantage over another. This fact t culminations to get glossed over in most economic discussions on the coffee crisis. Many analysts believe that oversupply is at the square up of the present crisis. After the system of coffee export quotas (the International Coffee Agreement, or ICA), administered by the International Coffee Organization, collapsed in 1989, the regulation of coffee production and quality was left to each item-by-item producer country.Almost immediately following the dissolution of the agreement, excessive quantities of coffee entered international markets, prices became quite vaporizable and the overall quality of the coffee began to decline. Many of the coffee producing nations, including Mexico, were simultaneously in the process of deregulating, privatizing, and otherwise liberalizing bucolic production and national agricultural institutions. This had the effect of exacerbating the uncertainties faced by coffee farmers at the end of the 1980s. The coffee crisis is structural.It was not caused by the cycl ical nature of coffee agriculture that has produced the boom-bust cycles of the past. The change in the market place has been brought about by the concentration of buying power in the hands of a some firms that present coffee to the consumer as a blended and branded product, void of any links to type and grade. This has led to intense price competition for market share that has rewarded increased market share to low cost products in the petty run at the expense of stability in the supply concatenation in the long run.Since the crisis is a structural problem and not a cyclical one, remedies are to be found by taking intervening actions. These actions would include a strengthening of coffee institutions, a realignment of market forces, a creation of suitable financial tools, and a promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. It must be emphasise that any direct market intervention, such as quotas or subsidies, would only be short term in effect and would not correct the struct ural problems.It must also be emphasized that what is required is a series of steps in a number of different areas, as no single step will produce the desired structural changes that are needed. The crisis in the coffee area continues. Its impact cannot be understated, since coffee constitutes the livelihood of an estimated 25 million families around the world. In world trade, coffee is the entropy leading commodity, after petroleum. The worldwide coffee market spans some 71 countries, of which 51 are significant producers and 20 are key consumers.Prices have not kept up with production be to the extent needed to make participation in the coffee business profitable for most producers, counterbalance though the crop year 2003-2004 witnessed a worldwide decrease in production. (Central America The Coffee Crisis effectuate and Strategies for Moving Forward, 1992) In coffee producing countries, which account for over 26% of world consumption, the situation is more diverse. In some countries, prices of coffee have fallen in local currency and consumption may then be stimulated.In Brazil, the largest coffee market among producing countries, the devaluation of the real has maintained prices of green coffee at pre-crisis levels. As a whole, consumption in these markets is not expected to suffer any major negative impact. The root cause of the coffee crisis can be linked to three factors over production under consumption and market oligopoly. In short, these are all problems associated with the economics of coffee farming. Without resolution, they will lead to both social and environmental breakdowns. (Central America The Coffee Crisis Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward, 1992).The crisis has been caused by a large increase in coffee production over the past several years by two countries Vietnam and Brazil. In the end of Vietnam, within ten years this country grew from a relatively insignificant producer to the world second largest ahead of Colombia b ut behind Brazil, now producing well over 10 million bags annually and method of accounting for approximately 12% of world exports. (Central America The Coffee Crisis Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward, 1992) To conclude, without economic remedies to the crisis, it is difficult to bear on sustainable agricultural practices in coffee farming.While niche markets within the specialty coffee attention can provide some relief, the size of these markets makes them too small to be an effective solution.References Central America The Coffee Crisis Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward. (1992, July 19). Retrieved February 4, 2012, from Latin American and Carribean http//web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK20606092pagePK146736piPK146830theSitePK258554,00. html Gomez-Ibanez, J. , Quinlan, S. J. (2004). The Coffee Crisis.

Health Sanitation Practices Essay Example for Free

Health Sanitation Practices screen* a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution brass* indicated for rural areas* serves 15-25 households its outreach is not more than 250 m from the farthest user* yields 40-140 L/ mo aim II (Communal Faucet or Stand Posts)* With a source, reservoir, piped distribution network and communal faucets * located at not more than 25 m from the farthest house * Delivers 40-80 L of urine per jacket crown per day to an average of 100 households * Fit for rural areas where houses are dumbly clustered Level terzetto (Individual House Connections or Waterworks System) * With a source, reservoir, piped distributor network and household taps * Fit for densely populated urban communities* Requires minimum word or disinfectionProper Excreta and Sewage Disposal planEHS sets policies on approved types of toilet facilitiesLevel I* Non- irrigate carriage toilet facility no pissing necessary to wash the waste into receivin g space e. g. pit latrines, reed odorless earth closet. * Toilet facilities requiring elegant amount of water to wash the waste into the receiving space e.g. pour flush toilet aqua privies Level II* On site toilet facilities of the water carriage type with water-sealed and flush type with contaminative vault/tank government. Level III* Water carriage types of toilet facilities connected to septic tanks and/or to sewerage system to treatment plant.Objective The objective of this study is to determine sanitization practices and preferences in sitio ganha-an.By examining differences amid current practices and preferences, the study assesses if the communities are satisfied with their current sanitation options and if there is a demand for change magnitude sanitation coverage and better facilities.Water Supply. The major problem for poor muckle in closely countries is access to safe water in adequate quantity, with reasonable convenience, and at an affordable cost. Solutions include local grants to install household gutters and rainwater capture tanks local wells designed to resist pollution and down(p) networks of water dots served by a local well, borehole, or spring. The supply problems of major cities require integrated approaches that merge demand management, leak repair, backflow prevention, wastewater reuse, and the efficient, sustainable exploitation of sources.Solid Waste Disposal. The interdependence of sanitation aspects is illustrated by the need for adequate solid waste removal to prevent the blockage of rainwater drains. arrangement of refuse in hot climates must be frequent since piles attract flies and rats, and it should affirm more on local labor-intensive methods rather than on expensive trucks. For the operation to be prospering requires close cooperation between the users and providers of the service, and financing must come either from municipal recurrent funds and/or user fees.Excreta Disposal. Large sewerage infrastructure projects tend to be too expensive for the bulky majority of urban and rural people in developing countries, and it may be impossible to flesh a sewage network infrastructure in congested, narrow streets. On-site options include latrines, pourflush toilets, and septic tanks. in that location should be evaluated at each location according to needs and priorities. As water use grows in villages and towns, wastewater from washing and bathing (sullage) can be cost-effectively handled by a separate drainage system coupled to on-site excreta disposal.Garbage is a never ending cycle. Every day each household produces a significant amount of trash. The more we consume the more garbage we incur. Garbage disposal has been a monumental problem ever since. ( Yapchiongco, 2012)For a lack of historic time series of received nationally representative drinking water quality data, the JMP cannot report on the actual water sentry duty aspect of the MDG drinking water target. The proxy indicator used in the global survey methodology use of improved drinking water sources does not guarantee that the quality of drinking water consumed by people meets the standards for safe drinking water as proposed in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking water Quality (WHO, 2011). contamination from domestic and industrial sources, geogenic contamination, and poor sanitation and hygiene all threaten the safety of drinking water sources. In recognition of these threats, many drinking water supply operators and regulators are adopting an integrated risk mind and management approach that takes risk spots and events into account along the chain of events from source to tap. Strategies include numerical microbial risk assessment (QMRA), sanitary inspections, the application of health-based targets and water safety plans (WSPs).The practice of household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) can help improve water quality at the point of consumption, especially when drinking water sources are di stant, unreliable or unsafe. However, HWTS is a stopgap measure completely and does not replace the obligation of a service provider to provide access to safe drinking water. It is intended for people who have no access to improved drinking water sources at all, for people with access to improved sources outside of their home or premises (i.e. when contamination can occur during hug drug and storage), for people with unreliable piped supplies who have to store water to bridge the gaps between deliveries, and for people in exigency situations.People relying on unimproved drinking water sources who apply an appropriate household water treatment method are still not considered to have sustainable access to safe drinking water. Doing so would absolve the providers of their certificate of indebtedness to provide safe drinking water and in effect transfer this responsibility to consumers. http//www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/report_wash_low.pdf

Characters are similar throughout books Essay Example for Free

Characters be similar throughout books EssayHenrik Ibsens characters are similar throughout his books. There are pairs of characters with similarities in A Dolls House and Ghosts. One such pair is Nora and Mrs. Alving.Both characters were unhappily married, but had former(a) significant men in their lives. Manders and Dr. Rank both appeared as good friends to the women. This is a similarity, but with the remnant that Nora rejected one and Mrs. Alving was rejected by the other. These men helped the women through their problems however and they would do anything for them. To keep love you as much as any one else does? Was that horrid? (A Dolls House, Act II, p. 40) Dr. Rank tells Nora. He is expressing that he has loved her the strong time that she thought they were just best friends.Mrs. Alving ran away from her husband in their low gear year of marriage and went to Manders. She had been in love with him, but he respected the sanctity of marriage so had to turn her away. Tha t I was able to turn you from your outrageous intention, and that it was vouchsafed to me to succeed in leading you back into the racecourse of duty and back to your lawful husband. (Ghosts, Act I, p. 89)Nora and Mrs. Alving both have children that they love very much. Nora is talking to Mrs. Linde, an quondam(a) friend, when she brings up the topic of her children,So you are quite alone. How dreadfully sad that must be. I have three lovely children. (A Dolls House, Act I, p. 8) Nora often brings up the topic of her children when talking, because she loves them so much and wants to tell the whole world intimately them. Mrs. Alving loved her son Oswald so much that she sent him away, even though it would be very painful for her, so that he wouldnt become like his father.It was then that Oswald was sent away. He was about seven then, and was beginning to notice things and ask questions as children will It seemed to me that the child would be poisoned if he aphonic the air of this p olluted home. That was why I sent him away. (Ghosts, Act I, p. 93) She rationalizes her decision. Mrs. Alving and Nora prove that they love their children through their actions in the plays, which are often similar.As much as Ibsen deliberately do his characters similar, he also made what happens to them different. At the end of A Dolls House, Nora ends being the victor. She leaves her husband because it is what she wants and she knows how to get it.Oh, Torvald, I dont believe any eight-day in wonderful things happening That our life together would be a real wedlock. Good-bye. (A Dolls House, Act III, p. 68) With this, she leaves her house and the man she was in a loveless marriage with. Mrs. Alving does not have the same fortune as Nora. At the end of Ghosts, her beloved son is left(a) in a vegetative state and she is left to despair over it.Oswald What is the matter with you Oswald Oswald Look at me Dont you know me I cant bear it neer (Ghosts, Act III, p. 128)A main differen ce in Mrs. Alving and Noras attitudes is that Nora left her husband when she couldnt take it any to a greater extent and Mrs. Alving waited for hers to die.Listen, Torvald. I have heard that when a wife deserts her husbands house, as I am doing now, he is leg on the wholey freed from all obligations towards her. (A Dolls House, Act III, p. 67) Nora tells him. This shows that she is a stronger character than Mrs. Alving, because she actually stood up to her husband and told him that his behavior was unacceptable.I had my little boy, and endured it for his sake I took the upper hand in the house absolutely both with him and all the others. I had a weapon to use against him (Ghosts, Act I, p. 92-93) Mrs. Alving shows that she took the easy way out. She could have stood up to Mr. Alving and interpreted her son and left, but instead she chose to go along with it, just standing in his shadow and quietly telling him that she was unhappy.The similarities that come out in the characters of Mrs. Alving and Nora are always mixed in with other situations that fixate them different. Ibsen wanted to prove to his audience that it wasnt always healthy to be in a marriage and by doing this he went against the norms of society. Neither play has a so-called happy ending, because not all the characters have had their issues obstinate by the end. The two plays show the different angles that he wanted the audience to be aware of, but their endings repeat a point for clarity.

Modern Version of Romeo and Juliet Movie with Leonard Di Caprio Essay Example for Free

Modern Version of Romeo and Juliet Movie with Leonard Di Caprio examineOld stories get forgotten unless they are rejuvenated for the young. In the media world of nowa long time, books are forgotten and so is real love. Romeo and Juliet with Leonardo de caprio was a fabulous attempt at bringing literature and drama back to lifetime and into the hearts of the youth today. The starting signal aspect of modernization is to portray the families as rich business tycoons of todays world Montagues and Capulets. The styling of the men especially, the chic haircuts and clothes are not only modern scarcely in fact futuristic. This is most apparent in the guns, the shining metal and flash of silver cannot be forgotten. The fights between the two gangs take place at common place venues of today, that is gas stations. The cars are likewise futuristic. The letter that Romeo does not respond to is a by a well known courier service. on that point are times when the rapid cuts and raging s oundtrack might cause understandable confusion between the delineation and a rock video.Indeed, with all the camera tricks, special effects (such as a roiling storm), and prodigal splashes of color, its easy to lose the story in the style (Berardinelli, 1996). The flush-cut editing and fast-moving scenes and actions contribute further to giving the impression a futuristic feel removing it far from the classic ballad it is. Much of the decor, for example, the aquarium wall, through which Romeo and Juliet first eye each other, is very modern in its architecture and idea.Such interiors never existed in the days of Shakespeare and neither is there any mention in the script. What makes the movie striking is the juxtaposition of old side style, rendered flawlessly and emotionally by the actors, with this modern, futuristic treatment, This juxtaposition is what makes Shakespeares work speak to the modern teenager, which was the principal(prenominal) objectivce of the movie. References B erardinelli, J. Fil Review, Retrieved on 2nd June 2010 from http//www. reelviews. net/movies/r/romeo_juliet. html

Statement of Cash Flow Essay Example for Free

Statement of Cash function EssayThe importance of specie the silver move mastery help occupancyes and creditors understand how placid a partnership is. Team A discussed some big factors about the dictation of bullion give. The purpose of the avouchment of hard currency spring and how it is in conceived in account statement is explained. The direct and indirect method of preparing a statement is used. stairs in preparation and classification argon explained. The team excessively examines things that they struggled with and also things that they were comfortable with. The purpose of the statement of currency flowStatement of cash flows purpose is to provide information of cash payment, cash receipt of a logical argument during a period. It also provides answer to question for future investors wanting to make investment in the company. The investors will looks at the business cash flow statement where did the cash come from during the period, what was the cash u sed for during the period, what was the change in the cash proportion during the period (Kieso, Weygandt, Warfield, 2010, p. 198). This shows the business economic and solvency which is more attracted to the investors.The statement of cash flow reports has four study categories, and they are 1) Cash effect of operating during a period. 2) Investing transactions transaction. 3) Financing transaction and 4) the gelt cash increase or decrease during the period. Between the four every aspect of a business transaction is covered. Statement of cash flow documents shows incoming and outgoing cash of the business. The document makes available a direction in which help guide decision of potential investor, reader, or lender understand the company financial report.Because this document is prepared last it will show a company income statement, balance sheet, possessor equity statement, as the result, the report chip ins validity and accountability to the company financial statements. For example, investors, analysts, potential investors, stockholders, and lender use the statement cash flow report to evaluate the financial strength of the business. How the statement of cash flow used in accounting A company will use the statement of cash flows to bedeck cash payments and receipt payments for a specific period.This report shows how cash changes because of transactions that occur in insouciant operations such as investment transactions, finance transactions. This report will illustrate to investors and managers the level of liquid re character references the company has available. Understanding a companys cash flow will show the source of cash, the uses for the cash spent, and the balance of cash at the end of the period. This report will tie the information given up on the income statement and on the balance sheet. The combination information provided in these statements provides a companys inflows and outflows of cash.The statement of cash flows removes transacti ons not related to cash events and allows a person to look at the areas within the business that generate cash or the areas that cause a loss of cash (Luft, 2012). Analyzing the statement of cash flow gives investors and managers a history of how the cash earned and how the cash was used along with the sum of cash remaining at the end of the month. The usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flow The usefulness of the statement of cash flow is for businesses to understand how they are dong financially.Businesses use the statement of cash flow to bop how quickly their assets can be converted into cash. Creditors are concern about how they will be paid. When a company can produce a high amount of cash, they can pay their bills. The statement of cash flow also provides information about a companys spending habits. Because a company has net income does not mean their business thriving. Knowing the companys net cash will provide the information needed to go to bed whether or not to do bus iness with them (Kieso, Weygandt, Warfield, 2010).The inflow and out flow The statement of Cash Flow outlines the inflow and outflow of cash from a company for a given period. Inflows include the transfer of property to a company from another party as a result of core operations, investments or financing (Nordmeyer, 2012). The inflow of cash is generated when businesses either sell their products or perform a service for revenue. Theses inflows can freewheel from collections on accounts, monies from investors, or interest on loans. Cash outflow, on the other hand, is money leaving a company.The outflow of cash from a company can include dividends paid to stockholders, bills, or the materials purchased to complete the products a company sells. Steps in preparation There are three major measurings in preparing a Cash Flow Statement. The first step is to qualify the change in cash (). This is measured by comparing the current years cash balance to the previous years cash balance. For example, XYZ Inc. has a cash balance on its balance sheet of $100,000 and $90,000 for years ending declination 31, 2011 and December 31, 2012 respectively.Their change in cash would be a decrease of $10,000. The second step is to determine the net cash flow from operating activities (). This step is depends on the method chosen. The direct method reports cash receipts and disbursements from operating activities (). XYZ, Inc. reported the following revenues of $80,000, accounts receivables $20,000, accounts payable $30,000 and operating expenses of $50,000. To calculate the net cash flow they would subtract accounts receivable from revenues ($80,000-$20,000 = $60,000) to determine cash collected from revenues.Then, subtract accounts payable from operating expenses ($50,000-$30,000 = $20,000) to determine cash payments for expenses. Cash collected from revenues minus cash payments for expenses equals net cash provided by operating expenses ($40,000). This does not take into consi deration income taxes. In contrast, the indirect method adjusts net income for items that affected reported net income but did not affect cash. This is done by adding back noncash charges in the income statement to the net income and deducting noncash credits ().Finally, the third step determines the net cash flow from investing and financing activities. This step determines whether any other changes in balance sheet accounts caused an increase or decrease in cash (). This step could include changes in greens stock, retained earnings, or bonds. The hardest part in grasping the cash flow steps was learning when to add or subtract an increase or decrease. However, through research I could learn an increase in accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and how accounts payable is subtracted and a decrease is added (Investopedia, 2012).Increases are added and decrease are subtracted for prepaid expenses and inventory (Investopedia, 2012). This hebdomad reflect on the statement of cash fl ow. Team A spoke about the importance of the statement of cash flow. It is need to determine where a company is financially. It is also use to understand the liquidity of a business. Why companies use the direct method or indirect method of preparing a statement is explained. Steps in preparation and classification are explained. The team also examines things that they struggled with and also things that they were comfortable with.

History Of African Music Cultural Studies Essay

History Of Afri cornerst i medicament Cultural Studies EssayAfri dejection American Practices and ReligionIt is important to study handed-down African melody because it provides tremendous insight into African annals. Music alike each toldows us to better understand the diverse cultures of varied African regions. Music in addition play an important historical role when Africans were first brought to the United States as slaves. American slave averers tried to strip a centering any sense of cultural identity that the slaves had. The save way they could maintained there ideanty is through stock.A number of foreign medicineal traditions has influenced traditional Africa harmony. For instance, much nations in North Africa can d rough their much recent unisonal lineage stand to the Greeks and Romans who at once governed over the bea.1There is a substantial Middle Eastern influence on their euphony. Other split of the African continent were similarly impacted by fo reign medical specialty. Parts of East Africa and the offshore is dry lands were influenced by Arabic medication and Indian medicament in more new-fashioned times. Although Southern, Central and West Africa begin had an influence on the symphony of North America and Western europium. Other African music can be attri onlyed to specific bound forms such as the rumba and salsa, which were open uped by African slaves who settled in Latin America and the Caribbean.2The music of North Africa was strongly influenced by the music of superannuated Egypt and the first Arabs. Although it is bingle of the least common forms of contemporary African music, it is historically important and merits a good look at by all those interested in traditional music. North African music is famous for its monophonic form ,the predominance of melody over rhythm, a tense and nasal vocal stylus and non-percussive promoters including arching rather than plucked strings.While the music of North Af rica is historically important, no music is more rigorously African than music that originated in Sub-Saharan regions of the continent. Though numerous regions were influenced by other nations, Sub-Saharan music remains quintessentially and uniquely African. Sub-Sahara Africa makes up the Sahel and the Horn of Africa in the north, the tropical savannas and the tropical rainforests of Equatorial Africa, and the arid Kalahari washbasin and the Mediterranean south coast of Southern Africa. Sub Sahara Africa and is most notable for its Cross rhythm. The main buzz off scheme cannot be separated from the secondary beat scheme. The cross-rhythm three-over-two (32), hemiola, is the most operative rhythm ratio found in sub-Saharan rhythm. Cross-rhythm is the basis for much of the music of the Niger-Congo volumes, the largest linguistic group in Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Cross-rhythm pervades gray Ewe music.3Songs accompany the rites of passage, work and entertainment. They wer e as well important in the life of the traditional African courts, and atomic number 18 take over used for political comment, cod to the fact that writing and reading came late to many parts of Africa, this music was created as a form of communication. Over time, it grew to become an interesting and exciting communal way to observe and mark several major milestones in a persons life. For example, there atomic number 18 literally hundreds of African songs and music that celebrate marriage, childbirth or purge hunting parties. It was the job of a Griots to perform the orginal tribal teachings unwritteny. Goriots ar and were the orginal keepers of African tribule hisoty as well as royal advisors in African societys. In tradtitional African societys they would be the all way of keeping history this is because ein truththing was through phrase of mouth. Griots where born into there duties there is no way to become a Griot. Griots used music poety and other artistic ways to expr ess the storys of there ancestry. They specialize in many types of instruments such as the the molo, hodu, nyanyoru, Kora, balaphone which is passed on from generation to generation from father to son. The women griot sing, dance and also play the calabass and gourd.4While music is often played in an effort to celebrate lifes milestones and achievements, it is also played in Africa to ward off evil spirits as well as to wear homage to deceased ancestors. African music of this type is approximately always attach to by a specific dance or ceremony. These songs are often performed by professional musicians and dancers who take aim knowledge and escort with ceremonial music. There are special insterrments played like idiophones ( its like a bell), a append of bamboo, or wooden claves. In some ensembles, such as iyesa and bata drums, a key pattern whitethorn be played on a high-pitched drumhead.5Because music from Sub-Saharan Africa focused primarily on communal singing, it was one of the earliest music to emphasize the use of harmony and structured song. These singing methods ranged from wide rhythmic structures to incredibly complex and elaborate structures base on improvisation and several variations.Though stringed instruments, bells, flutes and even xylophones were all used in traditional African music, there is nothing more important than the prefatory African hand drum In fact, there are literally dozens of drums that are played on varied occasions. Some of the most popular drums that are used in a traditional African melodious include the bougarabou, tama talking drums, djembe, water drums, as well as many contrary kinds of ngoma drums that are played throughout parts of Central and Southern Africa, just to name a few. Drums are almost always accompanied by singers or choruses who often keep time with other pleximetry instruments such as rattles, shakers, woodsticks, bells or by simply clapping their hands or stomping their feet.6The tuneful h istory of any region is important since it has the unique capability to tell societies stories, culture, and phantasmal beliefs long before a language is manifested. One can learn immense amounts of information about the pop offs of people that lived through study aspects of their music. Much of this information is difficult to find in other aspects of anthropology, and therefore would probably go undiscovered.During the resolution of Africa, much of the peoples ancient history ancient implying any history the tribes and cultures had prior to European colonization was deliberately erased by the Imperialist society that came to power. Through the study of Africas traditional music, the world learns a great atomic reactor about those earlier cultures. By studying Africas music, some of these missing puzzle pieces are put endure into place.These compound powers, stripped Africa of its primary natural resource and put it in their. For instance after colonial powers left they st ill maintain control of things like the diamond mines. Colonization strips Africa of its culture and heritage, because colonial powers didnt help about African people they cared about expanding the Empires. By doing so, they split up the land and forest tribes to live in boundaries that caused problems mingled with the different tribes thus creating civil war and other problems. most of these changes took place between 1890 and 1910, the twenty-year period that saw the conquest and occupation of virtually the whole continent of Africa by the imperial powers and the foundation of the colonial ashesthe following twenty-five years organism essentially a period of consolidation and ontogeny of the systems.Europeans went to Africa to swop manufactured goods for slaves. Then they would transported the slaves to America known as the Middle Passage and exchanged them for raw materials. They brought the raw materials back to Europe so they could make more manufactured goods.Europeans w ould higher villages to go in to the parts of Africa that they couldnt and bring them slaves. The villagers thought that they were going to make a lot of money, and the captor would pay the parents of these people. So it looked like there their children were sending money, although that was not the case.In the 1880s in the whole of west Africa, only when the island and coastal areas where under European control. In northern African, only Algeria had by then been colonized by the French. Not an inch of eastern Africa had come under European control, while in central Africa only the coastal stretches where under Portuguese regain.In 1880, some 80 per cent of the continent of Africa was still being ruled by her own kings, queens and clans, in empires, and political units of every size and kind.By 1914, the whole of Africa, with the riddance of Ethiopia and Liberia, was subject to the rule of European powers. Because of the Berlin conference, Europeans were allowed to take control of Africa. This later leads to the scramble of Africa were all these countries decided to song different parts of Africa as their own. Europeans wanted to expand their empire, and they figured Africa was the place to do it. The Europeans had things like guns, and the regulate army. They were able to take the continent by any means necessary.After the Berlin conference Germany had obligate colonialism into southwestward Africa, kicking the Hereros and the Namas tribes off of their land. In 1904, the Hereros were fed up with the raw(a) ruling German government and rebelled, violent death 123 German settlers. This was an embarrassment for the Germans in Africa in their eyes it was humiliating to be beat by domestic people. As a result German settlers sent in Lieutenant Lother Van Trotha. Lother demanded that the Hereros leave the land and if they didnt they would be forced out. Luther said any Hereros found in the German borders with or without guns will be shot,7he also utilize this to woman and children. Out of a total population of eighty thousand, the Germans killed 65,000 Hereros.8The ones who did weather ended up in German concentration camps for the remainder of their days. This is an example of why the division of Africa created the commotion that Africa is in today.The Berlin Conference can be seen to be the stem of most of Africas problems today. The colonial powers imposing their rule in Africa prevented it from gaining economic independence. The damage that began after the Berlin conference was so great that it wasnt until the 1950s that Africa regained its independence.9The current derangement in Africa is thus a permanent liability that resulted from the Berlin conference, in which the future of a continent was goaded by greed.The slave trade bestowed Africans to the Americas to work in the plantations. In some states in the U.S., early European settlers and slaves shared some of their musical traditions and influenced each others world. T he banjo, now central in American folk music, is an instrument brought over to the Americas by African slaves. In other states, the music of African slaves was prohibited unless(prenominal) it accompanied an O.K. religious activity.10Drums were outlawed because they were seen as in particular dangerous since drum sounds were connected to language and gave slaves a way to communicate that could not be controlled or understood by slave owners. To compensate for a overleap of instruments, people who were enslaved depended on other forms of musical expression. Slaves would innovate their own instruments such as Hambone, a style of body percussion, was used as a substitute for drums, as it served a rhythmic function for music. straightaway this is known as STEPING and is very popular in fraternities. In order for one to play a hambone, a person uses his or her hands to hit their chest and thighs to create different slapping sounds. Using phratry objects as instruments also became ne cessary. Just as instruments were made in Africa from natural materials that were made available to people when they were free, enslaved Africans used the resources available to them in their environments. An example of this is the playing of spoons, another type of body percussion.11Vocal traditions also flourished among African people under slavery. Songs were used to soothe the heart and send messages of possible escape routes. flowing music forms such as the Blues, Soul and Gospel grew out of the strong vocal traditions of early African Americans.12The study African music has taken on an even greater significance due to how the musical instruments and techniques managed to influence and spread to many countries throughout the world. African American music has its roots in tribal cultures throughout the vast continent, and has lent its influence not only to African American popular culture, only if religion as well.13Music expression in Africa varied from one cultural group to the other, barely most traditions commonly shared certain characteristics. African songs were intended to accompany religious ceremonies and dancing, to inspire hunters, to engineer work, and to celebrate events such as the birth of a child. Music was woven into the culture, forming part of ordinary living, almost as commonplace as speech. In the Americas, enslaved Africans used music and dance for Purpose Diffusion Resulted in Easing pain of work, through Works songs, Worship Gospel traditions, Communication Drums and songs used to pass secrets messages and amusement.By studying african music you can see the infulnces Africa had all over the world. Jazz music connects European, American and African Music traditions. since People in America descended from Africans and Europeans amalgamated their musical traditions, using all instruments and musical approaches available, to create a musical style currently known as Jazz.The slave trade contribute to this cross-cultural exchange. P eople who were brought to the Americas from Africa as slaves brought with them their musical traditions. With the new experience of slavery and suffering, people applied their knowledge, even when instruments were banned, to maintain traditions that included a heavy reliance on rhythm, dance and songs. Maintaining these traditions helped to build new musical styles that branched out to become Gospel, Blues, Jazz, and Rock and Roll once people were freed from slavery. There is recount that suggests that blues came directly from Africa. Blues emerged from field work songs and prison songs just after the Civil War, and these were musical forms descended from African musical styles maintained through the slave period. Contemporary popular African musical styles have been affected by diffusion of American music back to Africa. Here are three examples of this Jazz, Kwaito, Afropop, Manu Dibango, Fela Kuti, Abdullah Ibrahim, Femi Kuti, Arthur.The ancient history of African music is muddle d at best. It is undoubtedly conflated with the music of the doddery poufdom Egyptian music, when Egypt dominated and colonized the Nubians.14Hester comments that surprisingly, the history of Egyptian music presents little evidence of the use of drums prior to 2000 B.C.15Due to the prevalence of the drum in African music and due to the influence that Egyptian music seemed to have, the early lack of drums is somewhat surprising. Contrary to the belief that African music was only passed on through oral and aural tradition, a musical writing system did exist. One Ethiopian composer from the sixth century was hold by the Catholic Church due to his creation of a complex musical notation system .16Hester goes on to note, however, that a temple fragment shows the top of a large drum that is unique to Old Kingdom music, which is assumed to be present due to import from Sumer.17This is important for a variety of reasons, one of which being the current modes of African musical instruments a drum style similar to that used during the twelfth part dynasty is still being used in todays Congo .18In later centuries, Nubian musical influence went to Europe through the conquests of the Moors. In the fifteenth century, Europeans began raids of the African coast for slaves and goods. Two centuries later, Europeans began trade with Africans south of the Sahara desert, eventually colonizing the land. neither group seemed to care about native music .19Hester tells us that all of African music was of a eldritch nature. He states that,Africans were generally not inclined to separate rhythm, spi ritual dimensions, and the order of the universe into compartments. traditionalistic African societies acknowledged that the drum had a spirit and character that was clearly observable. The give of the voices of the Great Ancestors had been isolated inside the wood of trees so they could be bother whenever men and women needed them,.20Floyd explains that not only was there no separatio n between physical and spiritual dimensions, but there was also no word for religion in Africa. The reason for this lack of a distinct word was thatthe Africans religion permeated and was the basis for all aspects of life . . .. Since religion permeated the everyday life of African peoples, the great number of religious beliefs that existed were not systematized into dogmas, but appeared as ideas and practices that governed everyday life in the various communities. All African peoples recognized God as the One, although in a majority of cosmologies other divinities also existed . . .21Another interesting aspect of African music is its accessibility by both genders. As in other parts of the world, although both men and women were allowed access to virtually all forms of musical expression, the men often reserved those perceived as most decently for themselves.22However, it was more common for women to take part in musicin the large number of less stratified, more egalitarian African societies. tally to Nketia, women in these simpler societies historically formed their own permanent associations specifically to make music.23Connections to the PastToday, African American worship is a similar experience to that of the worship of the past. It is a collective, uninhibited, and rhythmic kind of worship, reminiscent of the rituals of Africa. In the past, this kind of collective function was intended to transmit culture, devise the people, and boost morale.24Music, in the African culture, was taught at an early age. It is both part of acculturation and part of perfunctory life. Many African languages are tonal, in which one word may have several meanings based on inflection. The tonal quality of the languages lends itself to the language of the talking drums found in several African nations. The process of manipulating the drum heads produces similar qualities to the inflections of the African languages .25The physical movements of what Floyd describes as the time following the formal service of Africans engage in worship after being forcibly brought to this country are specific and ritualized. He describes this rejoicing asthe shuffling around in a ring, the upper-body dancing of African provenance, the ever-present singing accompanied by the hand clapping and thudding, repetitious drumming (of feet in this case), and the extended length of the activity. And here enters also the spiritual, the primary music of the ring for slaves in the southern United States.26The performance practices of the slaves were thought to be surprise and idolatrous by those European-Americans who had brought them here. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Rather, these rituals were culturally affirming and justified by African beliefs .27Regardless, or perhaps for that very reason, these aspects were suppressed in the majority of the United States. Over time, the Christian God became substituted for the African High God and Christ became substituted for th e other lesser divinities. The spiritual was developed through this Christianizing process.28Although primarily Catholic New Orleans was the most supportive of African traditions, it was Protestantism that lent its support to the new musical form. Floyd states that Protestantism, with its more direct access to the High God through song and praise, made possible the emergence of a new song for Africans, a new song in which they could express themselves as freely as they had in their homeland. This new song was the African-American spiritual.29Typically, however, the spiritual is studied apart from the ceremonies it was derived from. Like the slaves, who were being forced to adapt to a new style of living while trying to hold onto the past, the spiritual was a form of music that was an attempt to adapt to the new cultural expression for their beliefs, while still maintaining the beliefs of their past. In addition, these songs maintained the traditional forms of African music while sti ll expressing the tribulations of their new lives. More than that, however, these songs were an expression of independence from slavery.30There are two kinds of spirituals sorrow songs and jubilees. Floyd states thatThe kinship of these early spirituals to African performance practice is striking. The song Steal Away, for example, has short phrases that repeat, grow, and make larger melodic structures and uses multimeter, pendular thirds, and descending phrase endings.31These performance practices, though modified, can still be seen and heard in African American churches today. Rauschart (2004) discusses the experience of spiritual singing in a modern context. She describes a kind of singing that goes beyond the notes written on the paper. Rauschart writes that the consortmaster of the choir that she observed pushed his choir to do what many would not-to ignore the music before them and to interpret the words with ad hominem feeling .32She explains that, whatever the style of spir itual singing, music directors agree on one thing. A stream of lovely notes, no content how well voiced, is not enough.33And yet, the spiritual is in danger of being muzzy in favor for the gospel song.34There may be a practical reason can buoy this change from one musical form to another. Society is becoming increasingly urbanized, and gospel is a production of direction of that drift. Spirituals, on the other hand, are products of the largely rural past. Another potential reason layabout the shift might be that gospel music is a bit more accessible than spirituals are. According to Rauschart, spirituals are intended to be sung deliberately, in the fullness of time and experience.35That kind of deliberate thou might seem unfamiliar, and perhaps a bit unwelcome, in our increasingly frenetic world. No matter what the reason that is behind it in any given community, however, the fact remains that spirituals are no yearner the music that the majority of the African American commun ity grows up to sing. The form remains, however, in other venues.The modern African American musical experience is rooted in ancient times. These roots go back to ancient Egypt and their conquests of the Nubians. The language of African tribes is tonal. One word might have several meanings in different tones. The talking drums of several countries mimic this quality of language. Despite the reputation of being a simply aural and oral musical tradition, African tribal music actually did have a complex local anaesthetic style of musical notation available to it.In Africa, no distinction is made between the spiritual and the profane worlds. Tribal music was a part of practical life, as well as ritual life. The music that was developed in this country accepted that berth, while taking on the Christian perspective of the slaves new land.In traditional Africa, music is an inherent part of life and is concurrent with the worldview of the society in which it is produced. It has social, ri tual, and ceremonial functions as well as some purely recreational purposes. Traditional art forms, including music, are rooted in mythology, legends, and folklore, and are associated with gods, ancestors and heroes. Musical activities are ritualized and intended to link the visible world with the invisible. leaping is often an important part of the ritual and spiritual aspect of music.36Percussion instruments are the most popular instrument in African societies. Rattles, friction sticks, bells, clappers, and cymbals are popular. Many groups also use the sansa and xylophones. Numerous types of drums are also used. Various wind instruments are made out of tusks, horns, conch shells, wood or gourds. Styles of vocal music vary from area to area. This is due partly to the different languages spoken in different areas. Most African languages are tonal languages which are reflected in the singing.Traditional African music does not have a written tradition. This created many difficulties when Western Staff started to write down the music. The pitches and subtle differences in pitch grade do not interpret easily. The Western scale rules that relate most closely to African music are tetratonic, pentatonic, hexatonic or heptatonic arrangements. Melodic patterns are affected by intonation patterns of the language.37The rhythmic aspect of African music combines the music of various groups and areas. Rhythm is made of patterns similar patterns are found throughout all of Africa. Harmonization is typically created through singing in thirds, fourths and fifths, parallel to the main melody.38While drumming is very popular in Africa and is more important than melodic music in some societies, melodic music is important in others. The mbira is one of the most popular melodic instruments in Africa. Different cultures use the mbira in different ways. Also, the mbira exists in different forms in different cultures. Some mbira are used for entertainment and others for religious ce remonies. Often, the people who can own and play the mbira are restricted to chiefs or other important people, especially when it is being played for religious purposes.39African music has been a major factor in the make of what we know today as blues and jazz. These styles have all borrowed from African rhythms and sounds, brought over the Atlantic oceanic by slaves. Paul Simon, on his album Graceland has used African bands and music, especially Ladysmith Black Mambazo along with his own lyrics.40As the rise of rocknroll music is often credited as having begun with 1940s American blues, and with so many genres having branched off from rock the myriad subgenres of heavy metal, punk rock, pop music and many more it can be argued that African music has been at the root of a very significant subdivision of all recent popular or vernacular music.41African music has also had a significant impact on such well-known pieces of work as Disneys The Lion King and The Lion King II Simbas P ride, which blend traditional tribal music with modern culture. Songs such as Circle of emotional state and He Lives in You blend a combination of Swahili and English lyrics, as well as traditional African styles of music with more modern western styles. Additionally, the Disney classic incorporates numerous words in the native language of Swahili. The ever-popular hakuna matata, for example, is an actual Swahili phrase that does in fact mean n